Document Type : Research Article (s)

Authors

1 Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

2 Department of Public Health, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran

Abstract

Background: The tendency to the use of drugs is a daily increase, especially among adolescents. We conducted the present study to investigate the role of self-efficacy in predicting drug-seeking behaviors among high school students in Jahrom, Fars province, Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on high school students in Jahrom, Fars province, Iran in 2020. The sample size was estimated to be 405 people who were chosen using multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tools here included demographic information questionnaire, Iranian Addiction Potential Scale, and self-efficacy questionnaire Children Scale. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 21 using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Linear regression.
Results: There was a significant inverse correlation between self-efficacy and drug-seeking behaviors (r=-598, p <0.001). Additionally, the results revealed a relationship between grade, father’s job, mother’s education, and smoking history in friends and parents with self-efficacy (P=0.002, P=0.012, P=0.004, P=0.006, P=0.005, respectively) and drug-seeking behaviors (p <0.001). Father’s job, friends’ smoking history, and self-efficacy were significant factors inversely associated with drug-seeking behaviors (P=0.003, p <0.001, p <0.001, respectively).
Conclusion: High levels of self-efficacy of students and educated families can play a protective role against drugs use. Further focus on prevention, especially on capacity building and the empowerment of young people can reduce the tendency to use drugs.

Keywords

1. Karatay G, Gürarslan Baş N. Effects of Role-Playing Scenarios on the Self-efficacy of Students in Resisting Against Substance Addiction: A Pilot Study. Inquiry. 2017;54:46958017720624. doi: 10.1177/0046958017720624. PubMed PMID: 28741398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5798739. ## 2. Nakhaee N, Ziaaddini H, Karimzadeh A. Epidemiologic Study on Drug Abuse among First and Second Grade High School Students in Kerman. Addict Heal. 2009;1(1):31–6. PubMed PMID: 24494080; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3905494. ## 3. Isrofah I, Prastiwi D, Handoko R. Optimizing the role of youth cadre through education about the impact of drug abuse on adolescents. Journal of Community Service and Empowerment. 2021;2(2):89–94. doi: 10.22219/jcse.v2i2.16707. ## 4. Chalk P. Southeast Asia and the Golden Triangle’s Heroin Trade: Threat and Response. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 2000;23(2):89–106. doi: 10.1080/105761000265548. ## 5. Farooq SA, Rasooly MH, Abidi SH, Modjarrad K, Ali S. Opium trade and the spread of HIV in the Golden Crescent. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s12954-017-0170-1. PubMed PMID: 28732503; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5521118. ## 6. Hastuti ED, Megawati A. Edukasi Resiko Penyalahgunaan Obat Pada Remaja Usia Produktif di Kudus. J Pengabdi Kesehat. 2019;2(1). ## 7. Sharma B, Arora A, Singh K, Singh H, Kaur P. Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6(3):558–562. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.222037. PubMed PMID: 29417008; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5787955. ## 8. Nessa A, Latif SA, Siddiqui NI, Hussain MA, Hossain MA. Drug abuse and addiction. Mymensingh Med J. 2008;17(2):227–35. PubMed PMID: 18626465. ## 9. Momtazi S, Rawson R. Substance abuse among Iranian high school students. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23(3):221–6. doi: 10.1097/yco.0b013e328338630d. PubMed PMID: 20308905; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4479403. ## 10. Mohammadpoorasl A, Fakhari A, Rostami F, Vahidi R. Predicting the initiation of substance abuse in Iranian adolescents. Addict Behav. 2007;32(12):3153–9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.07.014. PubMed PMID: 17725932. ## 11. Veselska Z, Madarasova Geckova A, Reijneveld SA, van Dijk JP. Self-efficacy, affectivity and smoking behavior in adolescence. Eur Addict Res. 2011;17(4):172–7. doi: 10.1159/000326071. PubMed PMID: 21474936. ## 12. Brunes A, Hansen MB, Heir T. General self-efficacy in individuals with visual impairment compared with the general population. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254043. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254043. PubMed PMID: 34214108; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8253439. ## 13. Nikmanesh Z, Baluchi MH, Pirasteh Motlagh AA. The role of self-efficacy beliefs and social support on prediction of addiction relapse. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2017;6(1). doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.21209. ## 14. Fooladvand K, Borjali A, Hossein F, Delavar A. The role of depression, family relationship and self-efficacy in the prediction of potential addiction among adolescents. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2016;10(3):70–80. Persian. ## 15. Geramian N, Akhavan S, Gharaat L, Malekpour Tehrani A, Farajzadegan Z. Determinants of drug abuse in high school students and their related knowledge and attitude. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(3 Suppl 2):S62-6. PubMed PMID: 22768463. ## 16. Khodarahimi S, Ghadampour E, Pourkord M, Sheikhi S, Mazraeh N. The Roles of Attachment Style, Self-Efficacy, and Impulsivity on the Prediction of Attitudes toward Substance Use in Male Adolescents. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2021:1–7. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1957185. PubMed PMID: 34396924. ## 17. Abdollahi Z, Taghizadeh F, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Bahramzad O. Relationship between addiction relapse and self-efficacy rates in injection drug users referred to Maintenance Therapy Center of Sari, 1391. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;6(3):138–44. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n3p138. PubMed PMID: 24762356; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4825358. ## 18. Shafikhani M, Bagherian F, Shokri O. The mediating role of time perspective in the relationship between general self-efficacy and the tendency toward substance abuse in female adolescents. International Journal of Psychology. 2018;12(1):208–31. Persian. ## 19. Moradi Shakib A, Ghadampour S, Saghaii Poorseyfi M. Comparison of Addiction Potential and Psychological Problems in Normal and Slow Paced Adolescents. Empowering Exceptional Children. 2017;8(1):35–43. Persian. ## 20. Zargar Y, Najarian B, Naami AZ. The relationship of some personality variables, religious attitudes and marital satisfaction with addiction potential in personnel of an industrial factory in Ahvaz. Education Journal. 2008;3(1), 37–45. Persian. ## 21. Sajadi SF, Hajjari Z, Zargar Y, Mehrabizade Honarmand M, Arshadi N. Predicting addiction potential on the basis of early traumatic events, dissociative experiences, and suicide ideation. Int J high risk Behav Addict. 2014;3(4):e20995. doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.20995. PubMed PMID: 25741480; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4331658. ## 22. Suldo SM, Shaffer EJ. Evaluation of the self-efficacy questionnaire for children in two samples of American adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 2007;25(4):341–355. doi: 10.1177%2F0734282907300636. ## 23. Tahmassian K. Validation and standardization of Persian version of self-efficacy questionnaire children. Journal of Applied Psychology. 2007;1(4):373-390. Persian. ## 24. Elliott-Erikson S, Lane J, Ranson K. An overview of risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use and gambling activity: A review of the literature for The Alberta Youth Experience Survey 2008. Kanada: Alberta Health Services-Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission; 2009. ## 25. Engels RCME, Hale 3rd WW, Noom M, De Vries H. Self-efficacy and emotional adjustment as precursors of smoking in early adolescence. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(12):1883–93. doi: 10.1080/10826080500259612. PubMed PMID:16419563. ## 26. O’Brien M, Crickard E, Lee J, Holmes C. Attitudes and experience of youth and their parents with psychiatric medication and relationship to self-reported adherence. Community Ment Health J. 2013;49(5):567–75. doi: 10.1007/s10597-012-9526-x. PubMed PMID: 22820929. ## 27. Allahverdipour H, Farhadinasab A, Galeeiha A, Mirzaee E. Behavioral Intention to Avoid Drug Abuse Works as Protective Factor among Adolescent. J Res Health Sci. 2007;7(1):6–12. PubMed PMID: 23343865. ## 28. Tajri B, Ahadi H, Jomehri F. Evaluating Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy on Abstinance, Craving, Relapse & Attitude in Methamphetamine Abuse. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2012;2(7):1–29. Persian. ## 29. Tate SR, Wu J, McQuaid JR, Cummins K, Shriver C, Krenek M, et al. Comorbidity of substance dependence and depression: role of life stress and self-efficacy in sustaining abstinence. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008;22(1):47–57. doi: 10.1037/0893-164x.22.1.47. PubMed PMID: 18298230. ## 30. Fooladvand K. Investigating the role of attitude towards substance use in the relationship between students’ self-efficacy and preparedness for addiction. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2020;13(4):129–134. doi: 10.30491/ijbs.2020.103840. Persian. ## 31. Felsher JR, Derevensky JL, Gupta R. Lottery playing amongst youth: implications for prevention and social policy. J Gambl Stud. 2004;20(2):127–53. doi: 10.1023/b:jogs.0000022306.72513.7c. PubMed PMID: 15060330. ## 32. Karatay G, Baş NG. Factors affecting substance use and self-efficacy status of students in eastern Turkey. Cien Saude Colet. 2019;24(4):1317–26. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232018244. ##