Document Type : Research Article (s)

Authors

Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran

Abstract

Background: One of the most important issues in students’ health is examining ways to motivate them to participate in physical activity and sports. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine a hybrid model of motivational and social beliefs’ processes based on the self-determination theory and the theory of planned behavior on the participation of children students in physical activity.
Methods: In the present study, a descriptive-correlation approach was used. The participants were 516 primary school students from Gonbad Kavoos, Iran, 2019. Data were collected via Sport Motivation Scale, Components of the Theory of Planned Behavior, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior Scale. Structural equation method was employed to analyze the data.
Results: Findings revealed that autonomous motivation significantly affected attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (all T>1.96). In addition, these components had significant impacts on intention to physical activity (all T>1.96). Moreover, the intention to physical activity significantly affected leisure-time physical activity (T>1.96). Additionally, autonomous motivation significantly affected the intention to physical activity through mediation with attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (all p <0.001). Finally, these components had significant effects on the actual physical activity behavior through mediation with intention to physical activity (all p <0.001).
Conclusions: Based on our findings, it could be stated that the motivational factors proposed in the theory of self- determination affect the willingness of primary school students to participate in physical activity through mediation by attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Keywords

1. Lahart I, Darcy P, Gidlow C, Calogiuri G. The Effects of Green Exercise on Physical and Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1352. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081352. PubMed PMID: 30991724; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6518264. ## 2. Schwartz J, Rhodes R, Bredin SSD, Oh P, Warburton DER. Effectiveness of Approaches to Increase Physical Activity Behavior to Prevent Chronic Disease in Adults: A Brief Commentary. J Clin Med. 2019;8(3):295. doi: 10.3390/jcm8030295. PubMed PMID: 30832260; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6462966. ## 3. Malm C, Jakobsson J, Isaksson A. Physical Activity and Sports-Related Health Benefits: A Review with Insight into the Public Health of Sweden. Sports. 2019;7(5):127. doi: 10.3390/sports7050127. PubMed PMID: 31126126; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6572041. ## 4. Miles L. Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin. 2007;32(4):314-363. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00668.x. ## 5. Huotari P, Nupponen H, Mikkelsson L, Laakso L, Kujala U. Adolescent Physical Fitness and Activity as Predictors of Adulthood Activity. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(11):1135-41. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.585166. PubMed PMID: 21777154. ## 6. Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Välimäki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical Activity from Childhood to Adulthood: A 21-Year Tracking Study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(3):267-73. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.003. PubMed PMID: 15766614. ## 7. Ghorbani S, Noohpisheh S, Shakki M. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Perceived Competence and Physical Activity in Middle School Students: Mediating Role of Enjoyment. Int J School Health. 2020;7(2):14-20. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2020.85668.1056. ## 8. Gholidahaneh MG, Ghorbani S, Esfahaninia A. Effects of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in the Physical Education on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Behavior of Primary School Students: Mediating Role of Autonomous Motivation. Int J School Health. 2020;7(2):46-53. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2020.86028.1068. ## 9. Sfandyari B, Ghorbani S, Rezaeeshirazi R, Noohpisheh S. The Effectiveness of an Autonomy-Based Exercise Training on Intrinsic Motivation, Physical Activity Intention, and Health-Related Fitness of Sedentary Students in Middle School. Int J School Health. 2020;7(1):40-47. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2020.84678.1046. ## 10. Hosseini FB, Ghorbani S, Rezaeshirazi R. Effects of Perceived Autonomy Support in the Physical Education on Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation and Intention to Physical Activity in High-School Students. Int J School Health. 2020;7(4),39-46. doi: 10.30476/intjsh.2020.88171.1106. ## 11. Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 1985. ## 12. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology. 2000;25(1):54-67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. ## 13. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Brick by Brick: The Origins, Development, and Future of Self-Determination Theory. In Elliot AJ, editor: Advances in Motivation Science. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Inc; 2019. p. 111-156. ## 14. Ryan RM, Deci EL. Overview of Self-Determination Theory: An Organismic Dialectical Perspective. In Deci EL, Ryan RM, editor: Handbook of Self-Determination Research; 2002. p. 3-33. ## 15. Ryan RM, Bradshaw EL, Deci EL. A History of Human Motivation Theories in Psychology. In Sternberg RJ & Pickren WE. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2019. p. 391-411. ## 16. Ajzen I. From intentions to actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Kuhl J & Beckmann J, editors: Springer Series in Social Psychology. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 1985. p. 11-39. ## 17. Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2):179-211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T. ## 18. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley; 1975. ## 19. Tsorbatzoudis H. Evaluation of a School-Based Intervention Programme to Promote Physical Activity: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;101(3):787-802. doi: 10.2466/pms.101.3.787-802. PubMed PMID: 16491680. ## 20. Jackson C, Smith A, Conner M. Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Physical Activity. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(2):119-33. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000070976. PubMed PMID: 12630791. ## 21. Bae J, Won D, Lee C, Pack SM. Adolescent Participation in New Sports: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 20:2246-2252. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2020.s3301. ## 22. Chatzisarantis NLD, Hagger MS. Effects of a Brief Intervention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2005;27(4):470-487. doi: 10.1123/jsep.27.4.470. ## 23. Chatzisarantis NLD, Hagger MS, Biddle SJH, Karageorghis C. The Cognitive Processes by which Perceived Locus of Causality Predicts Participation in Physical Activity. J Health Psychol. 2002;7(6):685-99. doi: 10.1177/1359105302007006872. PubMed PMID: 22113410. ## 24. Pelletier LG, Rocchi MA, Vallerand RJ, Deci EL, Ryan RM. Validation of the Revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2013;14(3):329-341. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.12.002. ## 25. Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Culverhouse T, Biddle SJH. The Process by Which Perceived Autonomy Support in Physical Education Promote Leisure-Time Physical Activity Intentions and Behavior: A Trans-Contextual Model. Journal of Educational Psychology. 2003;95(4):784-795. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.784. ## 26. Tenenhaus M, Amato S, Esposito Vinzi V. A Global Goodness-of-Fit Index for PLS Structural Equation Modelling. Proc XLII SIS Sci Meeting. 2004;739-742. ## 27. Wetzels M, Odekerken-Schröder G, Van Oppen C. Using PLS Path Modeling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration. MIS Quarterly. 2009;33(1):177-195. doi: 10.2307/20650284. ## 28. Hagger MS, Armitage CJ. The Influence of Perceived Loci of Control and Causality in the Theory of Planned Behavior in a Leisure-Time Exercise Context. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research. 2004;9(1):45-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2004.tb00091.x. ## 29. Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD, Biddle SJH. The Influence of Autonomous and Controlling Motives on Physical Activity Intentions within the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Br J Health Psychol. 2002;7:283-297. doi: 10.1348/135910702760213689. PubMed PMID: 12614501. ## 30. McLachlan S, Hagger M. Associations between Motivational Orientations and Chronically-Accessible Outcomes in Leisure-Time Physical Activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2013;81(1):102-107. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599633. ## 31. McLachlan S, Hagger MS. The Influence of Chronically-Accessible Autonomous and Controlling Motives on Physical Activity within an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2011;41(2):445-470. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00721.x. ##