Document Type : Research Article (s)
Authors
1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Corrective Exercise & Sport injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Corrective Exercise & Sport injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background: Postural abnormalities are prevalent among elementary school students. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the upper quarter posture with depression, anxiety and level of physical activity in elementary school students of Karaj.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 346 sixth grade students were randomly selected from 10 elementary schools. Levels of physical activity, anxiety, and depression were measured and the data were collected employing International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short form (IPAQ-SF), Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), respectively. Photogrammetric method and a flexible ruler were used to assess the students’ posture. Pearson correlation test and linear regression model at the confidence level of 95% (p <0.05) was utilized to analyze the data.
Results: There was a significant relation between depression and the craniovertebral angle (P=0.003); physical activity levels were also correlated with the sagittal head angle (P=0.012), and kyphosis (P=0.012).
Conclusions: Certain postural abnormalities were associated with physical activity and psychological problems. Therefore, preventive actions are of great necessity to decrease postural and psychological problems.
Keywords
1. Canales JZ, Fiquer JT, Campos RN, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Moreno RA. Investigation of associations between recurrence of major depressive disorder and spinal posture alignment: A quantitative cross-sectional study. Gait Posture. 2017;52:258-264. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.12.011. [PubMed: 27987469]. ## 2. McEvoy MP, Grimmer K. Reliability of upright posture measurements in primary school children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:35. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-35. [PubMed: 15985186]. [PubMed Central: PMC1180447]. ## 3. Brianezi L, Cajazeiro D, Maifrino LBM. Prevalence of postural deviations in school of education and professional practice of physical education. J Morphol Sci. 2011;28(1):35-36. ## 4. Quka N, Stratoberdha D, Selenica R. Risk factors of poor posture in children and its prevalence. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2015;4(3):97-102. doi: 10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n3p97. ## 5. Brink Y, Crous LC, Louw QA, Grimmer-Somers K, Schreve K. The association between postural alignment and psychosocial factors to upper quadrant pain in high school students: a prospective study. Man Ther. 2009;14(6):647-53. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.02.005. [PubMed: 19443260]. ## 6. Brink Y, Louw QA. A systematic review of the relationship between sitting and upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents. Man Ther. 2013;18(4):281-8. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2012.11.003. [PubMed: 23298827]. ## 7. Canales JZ, Cordás TA, Fiquer JT, Cavalcante AF, Moreno RA. Posture and body image in individuals with major depressive disorder: a controlled study. Braz J Psychiatry. 2010;32(4):375-80. doi: 10.1590/s1516-44462010000400010. [PubMed: 21308258]. ## 8. Cho CY. Survey of faulty postures and associated factors among Chinese adolescents. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(3):224-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.02.003. [PubMed: 18394500]. ## 9. Rosário JL, Diógenes MS, Mattei R, Leite JR. Can sadness alter posture? J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(3):328-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.12.001. [PubMed: 23768277]. ## 10. Górniak K, Lichota M, Popławska H, Dmitruk A. Body posture of rural boys with deficiency or excess of body fat. Rocznik Lubuski. 2014;40(2):163-76. Polish. ## 11. Hagner W, Bąk D, Hagner-Derengowska M. Changes in body posture in children between the 10th and 13th years of age. Polish Annals of Medicine. 2011;18(1):76-81. doi: 10.1016/S1230-8013(11)70025-X. ## 12. Kratěnová J, ŽEjglicová K, Malý M, Filipová V. Prevalence and risk factors of poor posture in school children in the Czech Republic. J Sch Health. 2007;77(3):131-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00182.x. [PubMed: 17302855]. ## 13. L Blum C. The many faces of forward head posture: the importance of differential diagnosis. Cranio. 2019;37(3):143-146. doi: 10.1080/08869634.2019.1594003. [PubMed: 30973096]. ## 14. Lubkowska W, Mroczek B. Assessment of body posture of boys aged 7-15 in relation to the body mass index–BMI. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(3):371-380. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.344520. ## 15. McMaster M, Lee AJ, Burwell RG. Physical activities of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (ais) compared with a control group: implications for etiology and possible prevention. Orthopaedic Proceedings. 2006;88-B(SUPP_II):225. ## 16. Meshgin S, Sheikhhoseini R, Balouchi R. The relationship between upper body posture with physical activity, psychological properties and electronic entertainment using measures in female primary students in Tehran. Iran J Ergon. 2018;6(2):7-15. doi: 10.30699/jergon.6.2.7. Persian. ## 17. Mitchell UH, Johnson AW, Adamson B. Relationship between functional movement screen scores, core strength, posture, and body mass index in school children in Moldova. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(5):1172-9. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000722. [PubMed: 25719919]. ## 18. Moslehi M, Saiiari A, Marashiyan F. Study of the relationship between Kyphosis, anxiety, depression and aggression of high school boy students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:1798-1801. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.005. ## 19. Nair S, Sagar M, Sollers J 3rd, Consedine N, Broadbent E. Do slumped and upright postures affect stress responses? A randomized trial. Health Psychol. 2015;34(6):632-41. doi: 10.1037/hea0000146. [PubMed: 25222091]. ## 20. Prins Y, Crous L, Louw QA. A systematic review of posture and psychosocial factors as contributors to upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents. Physiother Theory Pract. 2008;24(4):221-42. doi: 10.1080/09593980701704089. [PubMed: 18574749]. ## 21. Korooshfard N, Ramezanzade H, Arabnarmi B. Relationship of self esteem with forward head posture and round shoulder. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:3698-3702. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.358. ## 22. Richards KV, Beales DJ, Smith AJ, O’Sullivan PB, Straker LM. Neck Posture Clusters and Their Association With Biopsychosocial Factors and Neck Pain in Australian Adolescents. Phys Ther. 2016;96(10):1576-1587. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20150660. [PubMed: 27174256]. ## 23. Rosario JL, Bezerra Diógenes MS, Mattei R, Leite JR. Differences and similarities in postural alterations caused by sadness and depression. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18(4):540-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.12.010. [PubMed: 25440204]. ## 24. Saiiari A, Khodayari B, Bostani M. Relation between Increasing spinal curve and anxiety. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;30:2246-2248. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.438. ## 25. Seidi F, Rajabi R, Ebrahimi I, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H. The efficiency of corrective exercise interventions on thoracic hyper-kyphosis angle. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(1):7-16. doi: 10.3233/BMR-130411. [PubMed: 23948845]. ## 26. Wilkes C, Kydd R, Sagar M, Broadbent E. Upright posture improves affect and fatigue in people with depressive symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2017;54:143-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.015. [PubMed: 27494342]. ## 27. Wyszyńska J, Podgórska-Bednarz J, Drzał-Grabiec J, Rachwał M, Baran J, Czenczek-Lewandowska E, et al. Analysis of Relationship between the Body Mass Composition and Physical Activity with Body Posture in Children. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1851670. doi: 10.1155/2016/1851670. [PubMed: 27761467]. [PubMed Central: PMC5059512]. ## 28. Sheikhhoseini R, Shahrbanian S, Sayyadi P, O’Sullivan K. Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercise on Forward Head Posture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(6):530-539. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.02.002. [PubMed: 30107937]. ## 29. Biddle SJ, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886-95. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185. [PubMed: 21807669]. ## 30. Egger HL, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Angold A. Somatic complaints and psychopathology in children and adolescents: stomach aches, musculoskeletal pains, and headaches. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(7):852-60. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199907000-00015. [PubMed: 10405503]. ## 31. Singla D, Veqar Z, Hussain ME. Photogrammetric Assessment of Upper Body Posture Using Postural Angles: A Literature Review. J Chiropr Med. 2017;16(2):131-138. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.01.005. [PubMed: 28559753]. [PubMed Central: PMC5446097]. ## 32. Ebrahimi Moghaddam H, Jolanian T. Normalization of Reynolds Child Depression Scale (RCDS) in Tehran Elementary School Students in 2014. JRUMS. 2016;15(8):739-752. Persian. ## 33. Figueras Masip A, Amador-Campos JA, Gómez-Benito J, del Barrio Gándara V. Psychometric properties of the Children’s Depression Inventory in community and clinical sample. Span J Psychol. 2010;13(2):990-9. doi: 10.1017/s1138741600002638. [PubMed:20977046]. ## 34. Olorunju SB, Akpa OM, Afolabi RF. Modelling the factor structure of the Child Depression Inventory in a population of apparently healthy adolescents in Nigeria. PloS One. 2018;13(3):e0193699. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193699. [PubMed: 29522568]. [PubMed Central: PMC5844540]. ## 35. Pina AA, Silverman WK, Saavedra LM, Weems CF. An analysis of the RCMAS lie scale in a clinic sample of anxious children. J Anxiety Disord. 2001;15(5):443-57. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00075-5. [PubMed: 11583076]. ## 36. Torkian A. Standardization of revised scale-Children’s Manifest Anxiety, in 15-18 year old mathematic students of Karaj City. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research. 2016;7:665-672. ## 37. Turgeon L, Chartrand É. Reliability and validity of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in a French-Canadian sample. Psychol Assess. 2003;15(3):378-83. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.378. [PubMed: 14593838]. ## 38. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-95. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB. [PubMed: 12900694]. ## 39. Moghaddam MHB, Aghdam FB, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Allahverdipour H, Dabagh Nikookheslat S, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2012;18(8):1073-1080. doi: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.08.754. ## 40. Elbinoune I, Amine B, Shyen S, Gueddari S, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Chronic neck pain and anxiety-depression: prevalence and associated risk factors. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:89. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.89.8831. [PubMed: 27642428]. [PubMed Central: PMC5012832]. ## 41. Ghorbani L, Daneshjoo AH, Nazarian AB, Mohammadi Domieh AM. Assessment of the prevalence of kyphosis disorders in students. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;44:i13. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.39. ## 42. Zakeri Y, Baraz S, Gheibizadeh M, Saidkhani V. Relationship between backpack weight and prevalence of lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis and dropped shoulders in elementary students. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;4(6):1859-1866. doi: 10.22038/ijp.2016.6846. ## 43. Stroebel S, De Ridder H, Wilders CJ. Postural deformities in children: A review. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance. 2009;15(2):294-330. ## 44. Handrakis JP, Friel K, Hoeffner F, Akinkunle O, Genova V, Isakov E, et al. Key characteristics of low back pain and disability in college-aged adults: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1217-24. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.013. [PubMed: 22516875]. ## 45. Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1056-67. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4. [PubMed: 22305766]. [PubMed Central: PMC3488279]. ##
)