Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001Adolescent Back Pain and Associated Backpack Loading, Locker Use, and Online Textbook Alternatives174512210.5812/intjsh.12612ENAngelaMacCabeDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark, Vermillion, SD, USAPattiBerg-PoppeDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark, Vermillion, SD, USAMeredythArnottDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark, Vermillion, SD, USAJournal Article19700101<strong>Background:</strong> The incidence of childhood back pain is well established. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between adolescent back pain and characteristics of load carrying, and behaviors such as locker and online textbook use.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong>Data was collected from adolescents at three different schools. Students and their backpacks were weighed to determine backpack weight relative to body weight (RBW). Students completed a written survey designed by the authors; the survey gathered details of backpack wear and usage including carry time, activity level, locker use, and potentially associated back pain.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A majority (66.7%) of students (N = 78) reported back pain. Discriminant function analysis revealed RBW does not predict reported frequency of back pain (P = 0.96), nor did the percent of online textbooks (P = 0.23). However, a crosstab analysis showed that adolescents who carried a loaded backpack more frequently between classes reported greater frequency of back pain (P = 0.001).<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Back pain is a noted complaint amongst adolescents. The results of this study challenge the literature highlighting RBW as responsible for back pain in adolescents and asserts, instead, that longer wear time attributed to infrequent locker use for storage is responsible for back pain in this middle school sample of adolescents. Students should be encouraged to use lockers between classes to decrease carrying time of loaded backpacks.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001Relationship between Parenting Styles, Self-compassion and Emotional Intelligence and Antisocial Behaviors in Students154512310.5812/intjsh.12918ENAlirezaZareianBS Student in Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran0000-0003-2983-9849FakhriTajikzadehPHD Student in Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR IranMehdi RezaSarafrazAssociate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran0000-0002-8709-4761Journal Article19700101<strong>Background:</strong> According to the observations, antisocial behaviors are among major behaviors among male and female students. People with antisocial behaviors suffer from problems with respect to the quality of life.<br /><strong>Objectives:</strong> The present study aimed to determine the relationship between parenting styles, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence with antisocial behaviors in students.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The population included all students in Shiraz, Iran in the academic year of 2016. The sample was comprised of 148 students (74 male and 74 female) who were selected randomly through multi-stage sampling method. The instruments used in the study were parenting style questionnaire, self-compassionate scale (SCS), trait meta mood scale (TMMS), and Levenson antisocial behavior scale. Extracted data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistics in SPSS version 21.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Authoritarian parenting style (t = 2.08, B = 0.17, P =0.03), permissive parenting style (t = 2.16, B = 0.16, P= 0.01), self-compassion (t = -4.08, B = -0.31, P= 0.00), and emotional intelligence (t = -2.93, B = -0.28, P = 0.01) are predictors of antisocial behaviors. According to multiple regression analysis, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence were significant predictors of antisocial behavior. Moreover, authoritative parenting style was not included in the analysis.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence should be highly regarded as they highly predict antisocial behavior.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001The Relationship Between the Use of Modern Communication Technologies and Legalism Among Female Students in Yazd164512410.5812/intjsh.13086ENMasoudHadjizadeh MeymandiFaculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranFatemehTeymouriMaster of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranAhmadKalateh SadatiFaculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranAkbarZare ShahabadiFaculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, IranJournal Article19700101<strong>Background:</strong> Modern technologies play a main role in the life of citizens specifically their legalism in the new era. In Iran, the rules on the use of modern communication technologies are not clear. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the use of modern communication technologies and legalism among female students in Yazd.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted by the survey technique. The tool used in this study was researcher-made questionnaire which examined the use of internet, computer software, cellphone, and social media as modern technologies and legalism with cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. The statistical population included female students in Yazd. By using Chochran sampling method, 365 samples were obtained and the research samples were chosen using multistage sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS V22 software and statistical T tests. It was considered significantly at the level of P < 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The research findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the use of modern communication technologies and legalism in terms of all aspects (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral) (P < 0.01). While the use of the Internet and computer software did not have any significant relationship with legalism, the use of cellphone and social media had a significant relationship with all dimensions of legalism (P < 0.01) except for cognitive dimension in social media.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Based on these findings, the use of cellphone and social media determines legalism of female students. Therefore, policy makers should put an emphasis on the legislation about using these two main information technologies for the young generation. In addition, families, the media, and schools should promote the socialization of students about the use of cellphone and social media as a strategic approach.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001Survey of Correlation Between Serum Transferrin Saturation and Platelet Indices in High School Female Students in the Northwest Iran154512510.5812/intjsh.13666ENHassanRafieemehrDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranMohammadRafieeDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranMarziehMahmoodiFaculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IranEbrahimAbbasi OshaghiDepartment of Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranJournal Article19700101<strong>Background:</strong> Platelet indices (PIs), including platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and platelet larger cell ratio (P-LCR) are used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with various medical conditions. The current study aimed at evaluating the correlation between serum iron saturation (IS) and PIs among the female students living in the Northwest of Iran.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The current cross sectional study included 254 high school female (HSF) students aged 15 to 18 years in Hamadan, Iran, from September to January 2016. After completion of a questionnaire, the hematological parameters were determined using standard methods. HSF afflicted with infections and acute hemorrhage, and the ones with malignancies and inflammatory diseases were excluded. The correlation between the serum levels of IS and PIs in the female residents of Northwest of Iran was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The reference range of PIs in healthy HSF in the Northwest of Iran was as follows: PC 241 ± 53 109/L, MPV 9.67 ± 0.88 fL, PDW 11.904% ± 1.68%, and P-LCR 22.908 ± 6.69 fL. Decreased IS and MPV resulted in increased PC in the current study population. An inverse correlation was observed between PC and IS (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between MPV, PDW, P-LCR, and IS (P > 0.05), but a linear correlation was observed between PDW and MPV (P < 0.001) as well as PDW and P-LCR (P < 0.001).<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The current study data indicated IS as one of the most important factors affecting PC. PIs can serve as a clue to the severity of iron deficiency in HSF. It is recommended to conduct complementary studies to identify prognostic and diagnostic utilities of PIs in clinical practices.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001The Direct and Indirect Effect of Computer Use on Psychological and Somatic Symptoms Among Boys and Girls in Three Different Age Cohorts164512610.5812/intjsh.13851ENBillyJanssonDepartment of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Ostersund, SwedenUlrikaDanielssonDepartment of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Ostersund, SwedenJournal Article19700101This study focused on the direct and indirect effect (via sleep duration) of computer use on psychological and somatic symptoms among boys and girls (N = 6112) in 3 different age cohorts (11, 13, and 15-years old) from the 2013/2014 health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study done in Sweden. Structural equation modeling (with SPSS AMOS 22) was used (specifying separate multigroup models for each age group). The mediating effect of sleep duration was tested for significance using a Bootstrap estimation. Across the age groups, the direct effect of computer use was found to be a significant risk factor for psychological and somatic symptoms among both girls and boys (all the P values < 0.05), as the associations between computer use was only partly mediated by sleep duration. Additionally, the magnitude of the effects for the association between computer use and both psychological and somatic symptoms was quite similar among boys and girls across different age cohorts, but tended to be more pronounced among 13-year old girls. In particular, the direct and indirect effect computer use on psychological symptoms was significantly stronger among girls in this age cohort (all the P values < 0.05). Even though the cross-sectional design of the study prevented causal conclusions, the development of strategies to reduce children and adolescents’ computer screen time and the need to focus on mechanisms relating ICT use to somatic and psychological symptoms were emphasized.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001Chronological Age and Puberty Coping Strategy Among Iranian Adolescent Females164512710.5812/intjsh.14526ENMahnazAkbari KamraniSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR IranDepartment of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR IranMaliheFaridSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR IranFaculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, IR IranJournal Article19700101<strong>Background:</strong> The speed and magnitude of physical, mental, social, and emotional changes during adolescence result in stress. Improper coping strategies toward stress have a negative impact on the mental health of adolescents that may continue to their adulthood. Objectives : The present study aimed at investigating puberty coping strategies, puberty knowledge, and attitude of early and late adolescent females living in Karaj, Iran.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 513 female high school students using the multi-stage random sampling method. The Persian form of Endler and Parker coping inventory for stressful situations, the scale for the assessment of knowledge and attitudes of adolescent females towards puberty, and socio-demographic questionnaire were used to gather data. The SPSS v21 and Chi-square, Kruskal Wallis, and Spearman were used to analyze data at a significance level of 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The average age of participants was 15.40 (± 1.52).Results showed that avoidance was the dominant puberty coping strategy and the least frequent was related to the problem-focused strategy. A significant difference was observed between the frequency of coping strategies (P = 0.001), knowledge status (P ≤ 0.001) and attitude (P = 0.005) towards puberty, and source of information for puberty (P ≤ 0.001) was shown between two age groups of 15 years and under and above 15.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The findings of this study showed the significance of educating teen females about physical and psychological changes during puberty. It seems that health educators and health practitioners could help young females cope with puberty through training proper coping strategies. Parents should also be educated to be supportive and should be able to consider puberty as a stressful situation and help adolescents with proper coping.Shiraz University of Medical SciencesInternational Journal of School Health2345-51524420171001Child Refugees in Europe and Infectious Diseases: Threat or Threatened?134512810.5812/intjsh.57923ENNikolaosSpernovasilisDepartment of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, GreeceGeorgiosSiakallis4th Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Unit, School of Medicine, Athens National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital,Athens, GreeceSotiriosTsiodras4th Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Unit, School of Medicine, Athens National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital,Athens, GreeceGaryphalliaPoulakou4th Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Unit, School of Medicine, Athens National and Kapodistrian University, Attikon University General Hospital,Athens, GreeceJournal Article19700101Concerns about emerging and re-emerging diseases in migrants and refugees have been raised due to high influx in European Union/European economic area in the past couple of years. In spite of the common perception of an association between migration and importation of infectious diseases, the World Health Organization stated that there is no systematic association. In this communication, the authors pronounce that the most important health issue facing child migrants and refugees is increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, and not the importation of infectious diseases. This vulnerability is a result of conditions under the refugees move and live when they arrive at their host countries, such as poor living conditions, overcrowding, suboptimal hygiene, malnutrition, and limited access to vaccination and health services. A health-related issue that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage is termed health disparity. Health disparities negatively effect refugees, who have systematically experienced greater social or economic obstacles in health. It is important for migrant and refugee children to benefit from the same level of protection as indigenous populations with regards to infectious diseases. Equitable access to vaccination is of prime importance and health professionals, should approach children and adolescents, who are refugees or migrants, not only with the aim of providing access to effective treatments, yet, they should also take into consideration cultural and social aspects and aim to build strategies for better living conditions, screening, and vaccination.