ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparing the Effect of the Corrective Exercises of America’s National Academy of Sports Medicine and Pilates on the Correction of Lordosis among Female High School Students in Golestan Province in 2018
Background: Lordosis is a curvature in the posterior of vertebral column. Loss of normal lordotic alignment may induce pathologic changes in the spine from load bearing and accelerate degeneration of the functional motion units. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the corrective exercises of the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) and Pilates on the correction of lumbar lordosis among female high school students.Methods: In this experimental study, conducted in 2018, 45 female high school students suffering from lumbar lordosis were randomly selected from Golestan Province and divided into three groups of NASM corrective exercises, Pilates exercises and control. The two intervention groups received corrective exercises for eight weeks, the angle of lordosis was measured prior to and following the intervention, and the analysis of variance was used at a significant level of p <0.05.Results: The results showed that both 8-week corrective NASM (P=0.03) and 8-week Pilates exercises (P=0.01) had a significant effect on the angle of lumbar lordosis. However, no significant differences were observed in the control group in this regard (P=0.7). Moreover, according to ANOVA test, there were no significant differences among the three groups regarding lordosis angle prior to the intervention (P=0.13 and F=2.14).Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the lumbar lordosis angle decreased in both NASM and Pilates exercises groups following the intervention, with NASM exercises resulting in more reduction in the lumbar curvature compared with Pilates exercises. Therefore, therapists and experts of corrective movements can make use of these exercises as novel approachesto correcting lordosis.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45883_ba9047e39fba4de90440e56a84050d0f.pdf
2019-10-01
1
6
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45883
Lumbar lordosis
Corrective exercises of the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM)
Pilates exercises
Hadiseh
Okhli
okhli.hadis1@gmail.com
1
Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katool Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katool, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Hojjati
h_hojjati1362@yahoo.com
2
Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katool Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katool, Iran
AUTHOR
Golbahar
Akhoundzadeh
g_akhoondzadeh@aliabadiau.ac.ir
3
Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katool Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katool, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Consmüller T, Rohlmann A, Weinland D, Druschel C, Duda GN, Taylor WR. Velocity of lordosis angle during spinal flexion and extension. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50135. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050135. [PubMed : 23166831]. [PubMed Central: PMC3500339].## 2. Saper RB, Sherman KJ, Delitto A, Herman PM, Stevans J, Paris R, et al. YYoga vs. physical therapy vs. education for chronic low back pain in predominantly minority populations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:67. doi: 10.1186/745-6215-15-67. [PubMed: 24568299]. [PubMed Central: PMC3944007]. ## 3. Ilbeigi S, Rastegar N, Saghebjoo M, Ebrahimi Etri A, Farzaneh H. The relationship between anthropometrical domain and upper extremity abnormalities in primary school girl students. Journal of Ergonomics. 2018;6(1):19-29. doi: 10.30699/jergon.6.1.19. ## 4. Tokpınar A, Ülger H, Yılmaz S, Acer N, Ertekin T, Görkem SB, et al. Examination of ınclinations in spine at childhood and adolescence stage. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2018. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0053. [PubMed: 30009371]. ## 5. Azadinia F, Ebrahimi-Takamjani I, Kamyab M, Asgari M, Parnianpour M. Immediate Effects of Lumbosacral Orthosis on Postural Stability in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2019;7(4):360-6. [PubMed: 31448314]. [PubMed Central: PMC6686069]. ## 6. Afroundeh R, Saidzanozi R. Comparison of the Effect of Pilates and Traditional Corrective Exercises on Lumbar Lordosis in Female Students. J Rehab Med. 2017;6(3):84-94. doi: 10.22037/jrm.2017.1100348. Persian. ## 7. Ko KJ, Ha GC, Yook YS, Kang SJ. Effects of 12-week lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise on lumbosacral region angle, lumbar muscle strength, and pain scale of patients with chronic low back pain. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(1):18-22. doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.18. [PubMed: 29410558]. [PubMed Central: PMC5788767]. ## 8. Kamali M, Ghasemi B, Moradi MR, Bagherian Dehkordi S. Effect of traditional corrective exercises and corrective exercises National Academy of Sports Medicine America (NASM) to correct the problem Lvrdvzkmry students. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2015;11(2):155-63. doi: 10.22122/jrrs.v1i2.2279. ## 9. Atilgan E, Tarakci D, Mutluay F. Examining the postural awareness and flexibility changes in physical therapy students who took clinical Pilates class. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(3):640-4. doi: 10.12669/pjms.333.12808. [PubMed: 28811786]. [PubMed Central: PMC5510118]. ## 10. Patti A, Bianco A, Paoli A, Messina G, Montalto MA, Bellafiore M, et al. Pain Perception and Stabilometric Parameters in People With Chronic Low Back Pain After a Pilates Exercise Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(2):e2414. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002414. [PubMed: 26765419]. [PubMed Central: PMC4718245] ## 11. Alizadeh S, Irandoust Kh, Taheri,M. The effect of 8-weeks Pilates training on static and dynamic balance of athletes with chronic back injuries. Journal of Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2017;4(8):75-83. doi: 10.22084/rsr.2017.9158.1195. Persian. ## 12. Afroundeh R, Saidzanozi R. Comparison of the Effect of Pilates and Traditional Corrective Exercises on Lumbar Lordosis in Female Students. J Rehab Med. 2017;6(3):84-94. doi: 10.22037/jrm.2017.1100348. Persian. ## 13. Mashhadi M, Ghasemi Gh, Zolaktaf V. Effect of combined training exercises on the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis of mentally retarded adolescents. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012;8(1):192-201. doi: 10.22122/jrrs.v8i1.388. Persian. ## 14. Letafatkar A, Amirsasan R, Abdolvahabi Z, Hadadnezhad M. Reliability and validity of the AutoCAD software method in lumbar lordosis measurement. J Chiropr Med. 2011;10(4):240-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2011.02.003. [PubMed: 22654681. [PubMed Central: PMC3315871]. ## 15. Arab AM, Haghighat A, Amiri Z, Khosravi F. Lumbar lordosis in prone position and prone hip extension test: comparison between subjects with and without low back pain. Chiropr Man Therap. 2017;25:8. doi: 10.1186/s12998-017-0139-x. ## 16. Shirazi SA, Haghighi FM, Alavi SM, Nezhad FF, Emami F. Is application of Kinesio tape to treat hyperlordosis more effective on abdominal muscles or hamstrings? J Res Med Sci. 2018;23:9. doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1026_16. [PubMed: 29456566]. [PubMed Central: PMC5813299]. ## 17. Arab AM, Talimkhani A, Karimi N, Ehsani F. Change in lumbar lordosis during prone lying knee flexion test in subjects with and without low back pain. Chiropr Man Therap. 2015;23:18. doi: 10.1186/s12998-015-0061-z. [PubMed: 26034580]. [PubMed Central: PMC4450612]. ## 18. Kamali M, Ghasemi B, Bagherian Dehkordi S. Effect of 8-week NASM’s corrective exercise continuum on correction of lumbar lordosis and some biomotor skills in female students with hyperlordosis. Journal of Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2014;3(5):31-41. Persian. ## 19. Abbaszadeh A, Sahebzamani M, Seifadini MA, Samsampour D. Effect of an 8-week corrective exercise on hyperlordosis girl students. Hormozgan Medical Journal. 2012;16(5):377-86. Persian. ## 20. Patti A, Bianco A, Paoli A, Messina G, Montalto MA, Bellafiore M, et al. Effects of Pilates exercise programs in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(4):e383. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000383. [PubMed: 25634166]. [PubMed Central: PMC4602949]. ## 21. Miyamoto GC, Costa LO, Cabral CM. Efficacy of the Pilates method for pain and disability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013;17(6):517-32. doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552012005000127. [PubMed: 24346291]. [PubMed Central: PMC4207151]. ## 22. Otsudo T, Mimura K, Akasaka K. Immediate effect of application of the pressure technique to the psoas major on lumbar lordosis. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30(10):1323-8. doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.1323. [PubMed: 30349172]. [PubMed Central: PMC6181670]. ## 23. Sahebozamani M, Habibi A, ZibayeYekta Y, Valizadeh R. Comparison of the couple force ratio’s of pelvic lumbar girdle in Hyperlordosis & healthy male. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2011;15:2353-6. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.106. ## 24. Rezvankhak Golsefidi N, Alizadeh,MH. Kordi MR. The effect and maintenance of 8 weeks corrective exercise on increased lumbar lordosis of pre and post pubertal school girls. Researches in Sport Medicine and Technology. 2014;12(8):9-21. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Acceptability of Orthodox Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Associated Factors among Primary School Teacher in Botswana
Background: Many African children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) do not receive adequate treatment services despite the availability of effective treatments. Studies have majorly concentrated on assessing the contribution of knowledge deficit among parents while neglecting teachers who play a significant role in their upbringing. The present study hoped to address this by exploring the beliefs and misconceptions about ADHD and their effect on treatment acceptability in primary school teachers in Botswana. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 264 primary school teachers, using a modified ADHD Beliefs Scale. Data was obtained using a two-stage random sampling technique.Results: The mean age of the participant was 39 (9.3) years and they were mostly females (72.7%). One hundred and ten (41.7%) of the schoolteachers do not believe in orthodox treatments. Those with professional development (OR=0.56, 95%CI: 0.32-0.97) and interest in teaching children with ADHD (OR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.19-0.54) were less likely to refuse orthodox treatment, while those with high myth score were more likely to refuse orthodox treatment (OR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16).Conclusion: The existence of erroneous conceptions about ADHD and the rejection of orthodox treatment among a sample of teachers in Botswana is notable. Whilst misconception was shown to discourage orthodox treatment acceptability, personal interest in knowledge, and appropriate training were shown to increase its acceptability. It is; therefore, possible that with adequate informative training to correct the myth surrounding ADHD, there would be an improved acceptance of orthodox treatment.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45885_f20f1e1122ee53b88cbc1dd3448b33ed.pdf
2019-10-01
7
13
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45885
ADHD
Botswana
Myth
Orthodox treatment
Primary school teacher
Anthony
Olashore
olawaleanthonya@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana Medical School, Gaborone, Botswana
AUTHOR
Oluyemi O
Akanni
popyemi@gmail.com
2
Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
John
Ogunjumo
kunleogunjumo@gmail.com
3
Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
AUTHOR
Jammalamadugu
Swetha
jammalams@gmail.com
4
Department of Psychiatry, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
AUTHOR
1. Ohan JL, Visser TA, Strain MC, Allen L. Teachers’ and education students’ perceptions of and reactions to children with and without the diagnostic label “ADHD”. J Sch Psychol. 2011;49(1):81-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2010.10.001. [PubMed: 21215837]. ## 2. Mahar P, Chalmers L. Teachers’ perceptions of students diagnosed with ADHD. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal. 2007;20(3):1-8. ## 3. Barkley RA. The relevance of the still lectures to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a commentary. J Atten Disord. 2006;10(2):137-40. doi: 10.1177/1087054706288111. [PubMed: 17085623]. ## 4. DuPaul GJ, Weyandt LL. School‐based Intervention for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects on academic, social, and behavioural functioning. International journal of disability, Development and Education. 2006;53(2):161-76. doi: 10.1080/10349120600716141. ## 5. Goldstein S. Current literature in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2011;15(6):525-7. ## 6. Alkahtani K. Teachers’ Knowledge and Misconceptions of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Psychology. 2013;4(12):963-969. doi: 10.4236/psych.2013.412139. ## 7. Curtis DF, Pisecco S, Hamilton RJ, Moore DW. Teacher perceptions of classroom interventions for children with ADHD: A cross-cultural comparison of teachers in the United States and New Zealand. School Psychology Quarterly. 2006;21(2):171-96. doi: 10.1521/scpq.2006.21.2.171. ## 8. DuPaul GJ, Stoner G: ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. New York: The Guilford Press; 2003. ## 9. Perold H, Louw C, Kleynhans S. Primary school teachers’ knowledge and misperceptions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). South African Journal of Education. 2010;30(3). doi: 10.4314/saje.v30i3.60041. ## 10. Olashore AA, Frank-Hatitchki B, Ogunwobi O. Diagnostic profiles and predictors of treatment outcome among children and adolescents attending a national psychiatric hospital in Botswana. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:8. doi: 10.1186/s13034-017-0144-9. [PubMed: 28203275]. [PubMed Central: PMC5301420]. ## 11. Brook U, Watemberg N, Geva D. Attitude and knowledge of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability among high school teachers. Patient Educ Couns. 2000;40(3):247-52. doi: 10.1016/s0738-3991 (99)00080-4. [PubMed: 10838003]. ## 12. Sciutto MJ, Eisenberg M. Evaluating the evidence for and against the overdiagnosis of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;11(2):106-13. doi: 10.1177/1087054707300094. [PubMed: 17709814]. ## 13. Sciutto MJ. ADHD knowledge, misconceptions, and treatment acceptability. J Atten Disord. 2015;19(2):91-8. doi: 10.1177/1087054713493316. [PubMed: 23893531]. ## 14. Snider VE, Busch T, Arrowood L: Teacher knowledge of stimulant medication and ADHD. Remedial and Special Education. 2003;24(1):46-56. doi: 10.1177/074193250302400105. ## 15. Johnston C, Freeman WS. Parents’ beliefs about ADHD: Implications for assessment and treatment. The ADHD Report. 2002;10(1);6-9. doi: 10.1521/adhd.10.1.6.20567. ## 16. Demidovich M, Kolko DJ, Bukstein OG, Hart J. Medication refusal in children with oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: medication history and clinical correlates. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(1):57-66. doi: 10.1089/cap.2010.0001. [PubMed: 21288119]. [PubMed Central: PMC3037195]. ## 17. McLeod JD, Pescosolido BA, Takeuchi DT, White TF. Public attitudes toward the use of psychiatric medications for children. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(1):53-67. doi: 10.1177/002214650404500104. [PubMed: 15179907]. ## 18. Muris P, Roodenrijs D, Kelgtermans L, Sliwinski S, Berlage U, Baillieux H, et al. No Medication for My Child! A Naturalistic Study on the Treatment Preferences for and Effects of Cogmed Working Memory Training Versus Psychostimulant Medication in Clinically Referred Youth with ADHD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2018;49(6):974-92. doi: 10.1007/s10578-018-0812-x. [PubMed: 29767387]. [PubMed Central: PMC6208996]. ## 19. Catalá-López F, Hutton B, Núñez-Beltrán A, Mayhew AD, Page MJ, Ridao M, et al. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev. 2015;4:19. doi: 10.1186/s13643-015-0005-7. [PubMed: 25875125]. [PubMed Central: PMC4357151]. ## 20. Ahlberg BM. Integrated health care systems and indigenous medicine: reflections from the sub-sahara African region. Frontiers in Sociology. 2017;2:12. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2017.00012. ## 21. Schnittker J. Misgivings of medicine?: African Americans’ skepticism of psychiatric medication. J Health Soc Behav. 2003;44(4):506-24. [PubMed: 15038146]. ## 22. Ghanizadeh A, Bahredar MJ, Moeini SR. Knowledge and attitudes towards attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary school teachers. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;63(1-2):84-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2005.09.002. [PubMed: 16504452]. ## 23. Topkin B, Roman NV, Mwaba K. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD): Primary school teachers’ knowledge of symptoms, treatment and managing classroom behaviour. South African Journal of Education. 2015;35(2):988. ## 24. Giannopoulou I, Korkoliakou P, Pasalari E, Douzenis A. Greek teachers’ knowledge about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatriki. 2017;28(3):226-33. doi: 10.22365/jpsych.2017.283.226. [PubMed: 29072186]. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mediating Effect of Religious Belief on Death Anxiety in Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Since death anxiety is a potential risk for adolescent suicide, it is important to identify the related factors for promoting positive life attitudes and suicide prevention in high school students in Macao. For this aim, we assessed the level of death anxiety of the adolescents with Chinese ethnicity and explored its socio-demographic correlations.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 2,687 adolescents aged 14 years or above, recruited from ten high schools in Macao during June 2015. A self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to the participants and was completed autonomously and anonymously.Results: Our findings indicated the average death anxiety score of high school adolescents in Macao was within the general norm of 4.5 to 7.0 (6.97, SD=3.13). Female adolescents (t=-7.914, p <0.001) who studied in senior secondary school (t=-3.952, p <0.001) had participated in life and death education (t=-2.275, P=0.023) with religious belief (t=-2.451, P=0.014) and attended school with religious background (t=-3.42, P=0.001) reported significant differences in death anxiety. Furthermore, weak mediating effect of religious belief (OR=0.04, P=0.042) and school attendance with religious background (OR=0.06, P=0.004) were found to be effective in reducing death anxiety in these adolescents.Conclusion: This is the first study to examine death anxiety of Chinese adolescents. Our findings suggest the need to pay attention on the effect of religious belief and cultural considerations for designing life and death education in Chinese adolescents.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45884_ce68e0e66f70daa410a4a5bdc33a7a59.pdf
2019-10-01
14
20
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45884
Death anxiety
Adolescents
Chinese
Grace Ka In
Lok
lokkain@kwnc.edu.mo
1
Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao SAR, China
LEAD_AUTHOR
Milly Wai I
Ng
nwi@kwnc.edu.mo
2
Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao SAR, China
AUTHOR
Michelle Min Xia
Zhu
zmx@kwnc.edu.mo
3
Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao SAR, China
AUTHOR
Samantha Ka Kei
Chao
samantha@kwnc.edu.mo
4
Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao SAR, China
AUTHOR
Shirley Xiang
Li
shirleyli@kwnc.edu.mo
5
Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau, Macao SAR, China
AUTHOR
1. Furer P, Walker JR. Death Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2008;22(2):167-82. doi: 10.1891/0889-8391.22.2.167. ## 2. Saleem T, Gul S, Saleem S. Death anxiety scale; translation and validation in patients with cardiovascular disease. Professional Med J. 2015;22(6):723-32. ## 3. Thorson JA, Perkins M. A Factor Analytic Study of a Scale Designed to Measure Death Anxiety. [Internet]; 1977 [cited 2019 January 12]. Available from: http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED153127. ## 4. Abdel-Khalek AM. Single- versus multi-item scales in measuring death anxiety. Death Stud. 1998;22(8):763-72. doi: 10.1080/074811898201254. [PubMed: 10346701]. ## 5. Tang CS, Wu AM, Yan EC. Psychosocial correlates of death anxiety among Chinese college students. Death Stud. 2002;26(6):491-9. doi: 10.1080/074811802760139012. [PubMed: 12136882]. ## 6. Russac RJ, Gatliff C, Reece M, Spottswood D. Death anxiety across the adult years: an examination of age and gender effects. Death Stud. 2007;31(6):549-61. doi: 10.1080/07481180701356936. [PubMed: 17726829]. ## 7. Yang SC, Chen SF. The study of personal constructs of death and fear of death among Taiwanese adolescents. Death Stud. 2009;33(10):913-40. doi: 10.1080/07481180903251687. [PubMed: 19877367]. ## 8. Kadioğlu S, Ögenler O, Kadioğlu F, Sungur MA. Death Anxiety in University Students. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics. 2012;22(2):5. ## 9. Wong SH. Does superstition help? A study of the role of superstitions and death beliefs on death anxiety amongst Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong. Omega (Westport). 2012;65(1):55-70. doi: 10.2190/OM.65.1.d. [PubMed: 22852421]. ## 10. Chui WH, Chan HC. Self-control and the fear of death among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth Studies. 2013;16(1):70-85. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2012.697134. ## 11. Lyke J. Associations among aspects of meaning in life and death anxiety in young adults. Death Stud. 2013;37(5):471-82. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2011.649939. [PubMed: 24517566]. ## 12. O’Brien LA, Denny S, Clark T, Fleming T, Teevale T, Robinson E. The impact of religion and spirituality on the risk behaviours of young people in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Youth Studies Australia. 2013;32(4):25-37. ## 13. Salimi H, Kermanshahi F, Alizadeh KH, Firozjaie AM. The Relationship between Death Anxiety and Spirituality constructs with General Health among Nursing and Midwifery students. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics. 2017;4(2):2-8. ## 14. Henrie J, Patrick JH. Religiousness, religious doubt, and death anxiety. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2014;78(3):203-27. doi: 10.2190/AG.78.3.a. [PubMed: 25265678]. ## 15. Tarter RE, Templer DI, Perley RL. Death Anxiety in Suicide Attempters. Psychological Reports. 1974;34(3):895-7. ## 16. D’ attilio JP, Campbell B. Relationship between death anxiety and suicide potential in an adolescent population. Psychol Rep. 1990;67(3 Pt 1):975-8. doi: 10.2466/pr0.67.7.975-978. [PubMed: 2287690]. ## 17. World Health Organization [Internet]. World Health Statistics 2016: Suicide. World Health Organization. [cited 2016 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/whs2016_AnnexA_Suicide.pdf?ua=1&ua=1. ## 18. Kõlves K, De Leo D. Adolescent suicide rates between 1990 and 2009: analysis of age group 15-19 years worldwide. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(1):69-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.014. [PubMed: 26559741]. ## 19. Education and Youth Affairs Bureau of Macao. Reply for the assemblyman’s written interpellation of “Questions towords psychological and physical counseling services of adolescents” [Internet]. Legislative Assembly of Macau, Macao SAR, China. [cited 20016 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.al.gov.mo/interpelacao/05/2016/16-0480c_16-0376.pdf. ## 20. Tang CS1, Wu AM, Yan EC. Psychosocial correlates of death anxiety among Chinese college students. Death Stud. 2002;26(6):491-9. doi: 10.1080/074811802760139012. [PubMed: 12136882]. ## 21. Wang Y. Study on the effects of life-and-death education for the bachelor nursing students in Macao. Macao: Macao University of Science and Technology; 2013. ## 22. Chao KKS, Zhu MXM, Ng WIM. Analysis on Death Anxiety of the Elderly in Macau. Chinese Medical Ethics. 2017;30(9):1125-9. doi: 10.12026/j.issn.1001-8565.2017.09.15. Chinese. ## 23. Education and Youth Affairs Bureau of Macao [Internet]. General Survey of Education in Figures, 14/15 Education in Figures, 13/14 Gist of Education. Macao SAR, China. [cited 2016 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.dsej.gov.mo/~webdsej/www/statisti/2014/index.html?timeis=Sat%20Sep%2016%2010:16:53%20GMT+08:00%202017&&.## 24. Yang H, Li YL, Yao QL, Wen XJ. Application of the Chinese version of Templer-Death Anxiety Scale: enlightenment for death education. Journal of Nursing Science. 2013;28(21):64-7. doi: 10.3870/ hlxzz.2013.21.064. Chinese. ## 25. Yang H, Han LS, Guo HM. Study on the cross-cultural adjustment and application of the Death Anxiety Scale. Chinese Journal of Practical Nursing. 2012;28(31):53-7. doi: 10./cma.j.issn.1672-7088.2012.31.029. Chinese. ## 26. Templer DI, Ruff CF. Death Anxiety Scale Means, Standard Deviations, and Embedding. Psychological Reports. 1971;29:173-4. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1971.29.1.173. ## 27. Stevens SJ, Cooper PE, Thomas LE. Age norms for Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale. Psychol Rep. 1980;46(1):205-6. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1980.46.1.205. [PubMed: 7367537]. ## 28. Wen YH. Religiosity and Death Anxiety of College Students. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning. 2012;8(2):98-106. ## 29. Jackson BR. How Gender and Self-Esteem Impact Death Anxiety Across Adulthood. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research. 2008;13(2):96-101. doi: 10.24839/1089-4136.JN13.2.96. ## 30. Deng Y, Chang L, Yang M, Huo M, Zhou R. Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity. PLoS One. 2016;11(6): e0158666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158666. [PubMed: 27362361]. [PubMed Central: PMC4928818]. ## 31. Templer DI, Awadalla A, Al-Fayez G, Frazee J, Bassman L, Connelly HJ, et al. Construction of a death anxiety scale-extended. Omega. 2006;53(3):209-26. ## 32. Iverach L, Menzies RG, Menzies RE. Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34(7):580-93. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.09.002. [PubMed: 25306232]. ## 33. Alvarado KA, Templer DI, Bresler C, Thomas-Dobson S. The relationship of religious variables to death depression and death anxiety. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(2):202-4.doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199503)51:23.0.co;2-m. [PubMed: 7797643]. ## 34. Nazarzadeh M, Sarokhani M, Sayehmiri K. The Relationship Between Religious Attitudes, Fear of Death and Dying with General Health Condition: A Survey in College Students. J Relig Health. 2015;54(5):1672-80. doi: 10.1007/s10943-014-9903-6. [PubMed: 24912829]. ## 35. Kesebir P. A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: humility as an existential anxiety buffer. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014;106(4):610-23. doi: 10.1037/a0035814. [PubMed: 24660992]. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Ways to Strengthen the Factors Affecting Identity in High School Students
Background: Due to the formation of identity in adolescence and the importance of this subject in this period and also many factors playing an important role in this field, this study aims to identify ways to enhance identification in high school students.Methods: This is a qualitative study conducted by Delphi method. Twenty-five psychologists and sociologists in the field of education were selected to participate in the study. Experts received 5 full-fledged questions about the ways to enhance identity in high school students. After receiving the forms, experts’ opinions were categorized and semi-structured, then, in a four-step Delphi, a consensus was reached among the experts in this field. The Kendall Coordinating Coefficient was used to examine the agreement between the experts and Friedman’s test to rank each of the enhancements of adolescents’ identification factors.Results: Findings showed that among the proposed methods by the experts, 13 factors were agreed upon by the experts. The highest rank is to increase self-esteem and the lowest rank is preserving cultural values.Conclusion: According to the results, holding educational courses for parents and students, equipping and enriching schools, and taking into account extracurricular activities to facilitate easy identification of the students is recommended.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45891_522db5ce4f3c351110756d0a9f3331dd.pdf
2019-10-01
21
26
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45891
Identity
Identification
Student
School
Reza
Saadatmehr
ar.nurse@yahoo.com
1
PhD Student of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Aram
Karimian
ar.bio67@gmail.com
2
Department of Emergency Medical Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Ensieh
Babaei
parastariarshad@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Feresteh
Bakhshian
fbakhshian1365@yahoo.com
4
PhD Student of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Chen K-H. Self-Identity and Self-Esteem during Different Stages of Adolescence: The Function of Identity Importance and Identity Firmness. Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling. 2019;55:27–57. doi: 10.3966/172851862019050055002. ## 2. Sznitman GA, Petegem SV, Zimmermann G. Exposing the role of coparenting and parenting for adolescent personal identity processes. J Soc Pers Relat. 2019;36(4):1233–55. doi: 10.1177/0265407518757707. ## 3. Hajloo N, Sharif AR, Vahedi S. Correlatives of individual identity in high school female students at Ardabil city. J Sch Psychol. 2012;1(2):21–38. Persian. ## 4. Noonan HW. Personal identity. 3rd ed. UK: Routledge; 2019. ## 5. Berk E. Developmental psychology. USA: MC Graw; 2003. ## 6. Navabakhsh F, Khadem R, Aram H. Internet and Social Identity. J Iran Soc Dev Stud. 2013;5(2):37-54. Persian. ## 7. Erikson EH. Psychoanalysis and Theories of Man.(Book Reviews: Identity: Youth and Crisis; Childhood and Society (1950)). Science. 1968;161:257–8. ## 8. Berzonsky MD. Identity Style, Parental Authority, and Identity Commitment. J Youth Adolesc. 2004;33(3):213–20. ## 9. Archer SL. Gender differences in identity development: issues of process, domain and timing. J Adolesc. 1989;12(2):117-38. doi: 10.1016/0140-1971(89)90003-1. [PubMed: 2788664]. ## 10. Berzonsky MD. Identity Style: Conceptualization and Measurement. J Adolesc Res. 1989;4(3):268–82. doi: 10.1177/074355488943002. ## 11. Orgocka A, Jovanovic J. Identity exploration and commitment of Albanian youth as a function of social opportunity structure. Eur Psychol. 2006;11(4):268–76. ## 12. Sharp EH, Coatsworth JD, Darling N, Cumsille P, Ranieri S. Gender differences in the self-defining activities and identity experiences of adolescents and emerging adults. J Adolesc. 2007;30(2):251–69. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.006. [PubMed: 16600358]. ## 13. Yoder AE. Barriers to ego identity status formation: a contextual qualification of Marcia’s identity status paradigm. J Adolesc. 2000;23(1):95–106. doi: 10.1006/jado.1999.0298. [PubMed: 10700375]. ## 14. Alvermann, D. E., & Sanders, R. K. Adolescent literacy in a digital world. In: Hobbs R, Mihailidis P, editors. The international encyclopedia of media literacy. Hoboken, NJ: WILEY Blackwell; 2019. p. 19–24. ## 15. Mohebi MD, Ayubi E, Azmoodeh A, Sargolzaie N. The relationship between identity styles and addiction vulnerability: A cross-sectional study among medical students in Zahedan, South Eastern Iran. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:184-188. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.014. [PubMed: 30031271]. ## 16. Schmidt R, Lyytinen K, Keil M, Cule P. Identifying software project risks: An international Delphi study. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2001;17(4):5-36. ## 17. Najarpour SO. The relation between family affective environment , self concept, self esteem and socioeconomic status on the estabilishment of young individuals’identity. Journal of Clinical Pschology Andisheh va Raftar. 2008;3(9):49–58. ## 18. Baumrind D. Effective parenting during the early adolescent transition. In: Cowan PA, Hetherington EM, editors. Advances in family research series. Family transitions; 1991. p. 111–163. ## 19. Soltani A, Hosseini S, Mahmoodi M. Predicting identity style based on family communication pattern in young males. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013;84:1386–90. ## 20. Cheng Z, Guo T. The formation of social identity and self-identity based on knowledge contribution in virtual communities: An inductive route model. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015;43:229–41. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.056. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Body Composition and Muscle Strength of Female Students at Elementary Schools of Ali Abad Katoul in 2018
Background: Physical activity stimulates the growth rate and reduces the risk factors of human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the body composition and muscle strength of elementary school female students.Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 42 elementary school female students at Ali Abad Katoul city of Golestan Province, Iran in 2018. The samples were randomly divided in two groups including intervention and control. Data collection tool included body composition, and leg and chest pressing device. The exercise protocol contained various aerobic exercises for four weeks, three sessions per week, each session takes 45 minutes. Pre-test and post-test measurements were made by body composition, and leg and chest pressing device in both control and intervention groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent and paired t-test).Results: The results of the test group indicated the average height of 152.79, standard deviation of 10.25, and so average weight of 49.28 and standard deviation of 12.86. The results showed that a four-week aerobic training period had no significant effect on the body composition and upper body muscle strength of female students (P=0.83), but this training course significantly increased the lower body muscle strength of female students in the intervention group (P=0.01).Conclusion: Considering the effect of a four-week aerobic training course on lower body muscle strength of students, it is suggested that sport teachers use these types of exercises to increase the muscle strength of students.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45892_c91b42eedb271e8a10f74dda62c3e4d1.pdf
2019-10-01
27
33
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45892
Body Composition
Muscle strength
Aerobic Exercise
Female Students
Parastoo
Mohammad Gholinejad
parastoomohamadgholinejad@gmail.com
1
Department of Nursing, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ali Abad Katoul, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid
Hojjati
h_hojjati1362@yahoo.com
2
Department of Nursing, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ali Abad Katoul, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saieed
Ghorbani
s.ghorbani@aliabadiau.ac.ir
3
Department of physical Education, Ali Abad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ali Abad Katoul, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Lightfoot JT, DE Geus EJC, Booth FW, Bray MS, DEN Hoed M, Kaprio J, et al. Biological/Genetic Regulation of Physical Activity Level: Consensus from GenBioPAC. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(4):863-73. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001499. [PubMed: 29166322]. [PubMed Central: PMC6481631] ## 2. Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR. Write, draw, show, and tell: a child-centred dual methodology to explore perceptions of out-of-school physical activity. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:326. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3005-1. [PubMed: 27080384]. [PubMed Central: PMC4832535]. ## 3. Garatachea N, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Morán M, et al. Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2015;18(1):57-89. doi: 10.1089/rej.2014.1623. [PubMed: 25431878]. [PubMed Central: PMC4340807]. ## 4. Hoare E, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H, Millar L, Nichols M3, Allender S. Systematic review of mental health and well-being outcomes following community-based obesity prevention interventions among adolescents. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006586. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006586. [PubMed: 25564145]. [PubMed Central: PMC4289720]. ## 5. Bagherniya M, Keshavarz SA, Djazayeri SA, Maracy MR, Allipour-Birgani R, Daryabeygi-Khotbesara R, et al. Assessment of the Relationship between Social Support and Nutritional Behaviors in Overweight and Obese Female Students in Middle Schools of Shahinshahr, Iran. Health System Research. 2017;12 (4):414-9. doi: 10.22122/jhsr.v12i4.2256. Persian. ## 6. Ghanbari S, Saljugi F, Ghorbani A, Karimzadeh S, Jamali AR. Comparison of Peer Interaction Self-Efficacy in Obese and Overweight Children with Normal School Age Children in Shiraz City. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2018;7(2):76-82. doi: 10.22037/jrm.2018.110901.1612. Persian. ## 7. Chade AR, Hall JE. Role of the Renal Microcirculation in Progression of Chronic Kidney Injury in Obesity. Am J Nephrol. 2016;44(5):354-67. doi: 10.1159/000452365. [PubMed: 27771702]. [PubMed Central: PMC5117364]. ## 8. Bray GA, Heisel WE, Afshin A, Jensen MD, Dietz WH, Long M, et al. The Science of Obesity Management: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(2):79-132. doi: 10.1210/er.2017-00253. [PubMed: 29518206]. [PubMed Central: PMC5888222]. ## 9. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573. [PubMed: 28359099]. [PubMed Central: PMC6283429]. ## 10. Webb JB, Butler-Ajibade P, Robinson SA. Considering an affect regulation framework for examining the association between body dissatisfaction and positive body image in Black older adolescent females: does body mass index matter? Body image. 2014;11(4):426-37. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.002. [PubMed: 25079011]. [PubMed Central: PMC4250321]. ## 11. Washburn RA, Szabo AN, Lambourne K, Willis EA, Ptomey LT, Honas JJ, et al. Does the method of weight loss effect long-term changes in weight, body composition or chronic disease risk factors in overweight or obese adults? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109849. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109849. [PubMed: 25333384]. [PubMed Central: PMC4198137]. ## 12. Pinto RM, Silva JVP, Monteiro GMC, de Resende RC, Clemente RD, de Souza CSB. Physical Activity: Benefits for Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity. J Child Obes. 2018;3:1-6. doi: 10.21767/2572-5394.100058. ## 13. Béres A, Czeglédi E, Babusa B. Effects of a single aerobic exercise session on body image. Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika. 2017;18(1):84-104. doi: 10.1556/ 0406.18.2017.1.4. ## 14. Chiu CH, Ko MC, Wu LS, Yeh DP, Kan NW, Lee PF, et al. Benefits of different intensity of aerobic exercise in modulating body composition among obese young adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):168. doi: 10.1186/s12955-017-0743-4. [PubMed: 28836987]. [PubMed Central: PMC5571495]. ## 15. Elkington TJ, Cassar S, Nelson AR, Levinger I. Psychological Responses to Acute Aerobic, Resistance, or Combined Exercise in Healthy and Overweight Individuals: A Systematic Review. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2017;11:1179546817701725. doi: 10.1177/1179546817701725. [PubMed: 28469495]. [PubMed Central: PMC5404906]. ## 16. Schwender TM, Spengler S, Oedl C, Mess F. Effects of Dance Interventions on Aspects of the Participants’ Self: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1130. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01130. [PubMed: 30065676]. [PubMed Central: PMC6056677]. ## 17. Haghighi AH, Ghabdian T, Damavandi M, Hosseini Kakhak SA, Yousefnia Darzi F. Effect of selected training on muscle function and body composition in girls with mental retardation. Quarterly Journal of Paramedical Science and Rehabilitation. 2015;4(1):83-91. Persian. ## 18. Bakker EA, Lee DC, Sui X, Eijsvogels TMH, Ortega FB, Lee IM, et al. Association of Resistance Exercise With the Incidence of Hypercholesterolemia in Men. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(4):419-428. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.11.024. [PubMed: 29428677]. [PubMed Central: PMC5889308]. ## 19. Kalantari N, Keshavarz Mohammadi N, Izadi P, Gholamalizadeh M, Doaei S, Eini-Zinab H, et al. A complete linkage disequilibrium in a haplotype of three SNPs in Fat Mass and Obesity associated (FTO) gene was strongly associated with anthropometric indices after controlling for calorie intake and physical activity. BMC Med Genet. 2018;19(1):146. doi: 10.1186/s12881-018-0664-z. [PubMed: 30126381]. [PubMed Central: PMC6102807]. ## 20. Yin L, Tang C, Tao X. Criterion-Related Validity of a Simple Muscle Strength Test to Assess Whole Body Muscle Strength in Chinese Children Aged 10 to 12 Years. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:2802803. doi: 10.1155/2018/2802803. [PubMed: 29581967]. [PubMed Central: PMC5822875]. ## 21. Moonikh Kh, Kashef M, Azad A, Ghasemnian A. Effect of 6 weeks resistance training on body composition, serum leptin and muscle strength in non-athletic men. QHMS. 2015;21(2):135-40. ## 22. Naugle KM, Naugle KE, Fillingim RB, Samuels B, Riley JL 3rd. Intensity thresholds for aerobic exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(4):817-25. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000143. [PubMed: 24002342]. [PubMed Central: PMC4056570]. ## 23. Borde R, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Dose-Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1693-720. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9. [PubMed: 26420238]. [PubMed Central: PMC4656698]. ## 24. Arazi H, Eghbali E. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and its relation to muscle strength, maximal oxygen consumption, and body mass index in young and middle adulthood women. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:57-64. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S188914. [PubMed: 30774450]. [PubMed Central: PMC6350636]. ## 25. Borde R, Hortobágyi T, Granacher U. Dose-Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1693-720. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9. [PubMed: 26420238]. [PubMed Central: PMC4656698]. ## 26. Arazi H, Eghbali E. 2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and its relation to muscle strength, maximal oxygen consumption, and body mass index in young and middle adulthood women. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:57-64. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S188914. [PubMed: 30774450]. [PubMed Central: PMC6350636]. ## 27. Ramazani Y, Karbasian N, Mobasheri M. A Survey on the State of Physical Activity Among Middle-Aged Women in Health Center in Zarin Shahr City in Iran, fall 2016. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2018;20(1):15-21. Persian. ## 28. Eskandarnejad M, Fathzadeh l. The Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Body Image Concern, Identity Crisis and BMI Modification, in Girls with Body Image Concern. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2017;6(2):34-42. doi: 10.21859/jhpm-06046. Persian. ## 29. García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ramírez-Campillo R, Peterson MD, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Concurrent aerobic plus resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise alone to improve health outcomes in paediatric obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):161-6. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096605. [PubMed: 27986760]. ## 30. Osiński W, Kantanista A. Physical activity in the therapy of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Needs and recommendations for intervention programs. Dev Period Med. 2017;21(3):224-234. [PubMed: 29077562]. ## 31. Jafari Sayadi S, Shabani R, Shabani A. Comparison of two therapeutic exercises methods on muscle strength, joints’ range of motion, aerobic power and balance in women with multiple sclerosis. Journal for Research in Sport Rehabilitation. 2017;5(10):59-68. doi: 10.22084/rsr.2018.14694.1348. Persian. ## 32. Boheiraee S, Daneshmadi H, Sedaghati P. The effect of a selective combined training program on motor performance, balance and muscle strength in boys with Down Syndrome (DS). Journal of Paramedical Sciences and Rehabilitation. 2017;6(4):40-5. doi: 10.22038/jpsr.2017.18646.1473. Persian. ## 33. Rezaei F, Eskandarnejad M, Ashayeri H. The Effect of Aerobic Skill Training on Orienting Network of Attention. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies. 2018;6(22):47-58. doi: 10.22089/spsyj.2017.3215.1332. Persian. ## 34. Mang CS, Snow NJ, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, Boyd LA. A single bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise facilitates response to paired associative stimulation and promotes sequence-specific implicit motor learning. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(11):1325-36. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2014. [PubMed: 25257866]. [PubMed Central: PMC4254838]. ## 35. Havanlou F, Babaei A, Entezari Khorasani Z. Relationship between balance and maximum strength in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing closed kinetic chain exercises. jsmt. 2013;0(6):39-49. Persian. ## 36. Katouzi Z, Badami R, Thaghian F, Molaeinejad M. Comparison of Aerobic, Kegel and Combined (Aerobics and Kegel) Exercise on Body Image, Sexual and Marital Satisfaction in Obese Women. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences. 2016;15(4):452-8. doi: 10.22122/rbs.v15i4.1819. Persian. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship between Spiritual Well-being and Organizational Virtuousness with Performance of Secondary School Teachers in Bandar Lengeh City, 2017
Background: Job performance is one of the most important variables in industrial and organizational psychology and its importanceis clear to both individuals and organizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual wellbeingand organizational virtuousness with the performance of high school teachers in Bandar Lengeh, Hormozgan Province.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted on all secondary teachers in Bandar Lengeh city, Hormozgan Province. 127 individuals were determined by using Morgan table. Measurement tools were 40-item Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire, 15-item of Organizational Virtuousness Questionnaire, and the 12-item Job Performance Questionnaire. Level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05.Results: The majority of respondents (77%) were men. 71% (n=90) of the respondents had a bachelor’s degree. The findings of this study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between spiritual well-being and its dimensions (relationship with God, self-relationship, relationship with others, and relationship with nature) with the performance of highschool teachers (p <0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between organizational virtuousness and its dimensions (optimism, trust, sympathy, cohesion, and forgiveness) with the performance of high school teachers (p <0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that enhancing spiritual well-being and organizational virtuousness can enhance the performance of secondary school teachers.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45907_fe6c72c3ab38eaa8a8a59e9c378e104c.pdf
2019-10-01
34
40
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45907
Spirituality
School teachers
Job Performance
Iran
Hamed
Delam
hameddelam8@yahoo.com
1
MSc of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Ghasemi
mrafei-2004@yahoo.com
2
MSc of Educational Science and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Lengeh Branch, Hormozgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Kavi
kavi.esmaeil@gmail.com
3
MSc of Surgical Technology, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
AUTHOR
Behnam
Masmouei
behnam.masmouei@gmail.com
4
MSc of Nursing, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing Hazrat Zahra(P.B.U.H) Abadeh, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mozhgan
Jokar
nurse_jokar@yahoo.com
5
MSc of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad rafi
Bazrafshan
seeder2007@gmail.com
6
Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Borman WC. The concept of organizational citizenship. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2004;13:238-41. ## 2. Zhao Z, Hou J. The study on psychological capital development of intrapreneurial team. International Journal of Psychological Studies. 2009;1(2):35. doi: 10.5539/ijps.v1n2p35## 3. Cameron KS, Bright D, Caza A. Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist. 2004;47(6):766-90. ## 4. Rego A, Ribeiro N, Cunha MP, Jesuino JC. How happiness mediates the organizational virtuousness and affective commitment relationship. Journal of Business Research. 2011;64(5):524-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.04.009. ## 5. Meng Y. Spiritual leadership at the workplace: Perspectives and theories. Biomed Rep. 2016;5(4):408-12. doi: 10.3892/br.2016.748. [PubMed: 27699006]. [PubMed Central: PMC5038601]. ## 6. Hu J, Hirsh JB. Accepting Lower Salaries for Meaningful Work. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1649. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01649. [PubMed: 29085310]. [PubMed Central: PMC5649195]. ## 7. van der Walt F, de Klerk JJ. Workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2014;26(3):379-89. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2014.908826. [PubMed: 24953156]. ## 8. Pirkola H, Rantakokko P, Suhonen M. Workplace spirituality in health care: an integrated review of the literature. J Nurs Manag. 2016;24(7):859-68. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12398. [PubMed: 27219516]. ## 9. Koenig HG. Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry. 2012;2012:278730. doi: 10.5402/2012/278730. [PubMed: 23762764]. [PubMed Central: PMC3671693]. ## 10. Mahmoodishan G, Alhani F, Ahmadi F, Kazemnejad A. Iranian nurses’ perception of spirituality and spiritual care: a qualitative content analysis study. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2010;3:6. [PubMed: 23908741]. [PubMed Central: PMC3713882]. ## 11. Marques J, Dhiman S, King R. Spirituality in the workplace: What it is, why it matters, how to make it work for you. Riverside, CA Personhood Press; 2007. ## 12. Yeung D, Martin MT. Spiritual Fitness and Resilience: A Review of Relevant Constructs, Measures, and Links to Well-Being. Rand Health Q. 2014;3(4):8. [PubMed: 28083313]. [PubMed Central: PMC5051925]. ## 13. Ghaderi A, Tabatabaei SM, Nedjat S, Javadi M, Larijani B. Explanatory definition of the concept of spiritual health: a qualitative study in Iran. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2018;11:3. [PubMed: 30258553]. [PubMed Central: PMC6150917]. ## 14. Abedi JH, Rastgar AA. The Emergence of Spirituality in Organizations: Concepts, Definitions, Presumptions and Conceptual Model. Iranian Journal of Management Sciences. 2007;2(5): 99-121. ## 15. Akbari M, Hossaini SM. The Relationship of Spiritual Health with Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Burnout: The Mediating Role of Emotional Regulation. Iran J Psychiatry. 2018;13(1):22-31. [PubMed: 29892314]. [PubMed Central: PMC5994229]. ## 16. Hassan M, Bin Nadeem A, Akhter A. Impact of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction: Mediating effect of trust. Cogent Business & Management. 2016;3(1):1189808. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2016.1189808. ## 17. Behzady E, Naami A, Beshlideh K. Relationship between Organizational Virtuousness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Spiritual Well-being and Organizational Loyalty in Employment of Karoon Oil and Gas Production Company. Journal of Psychological Achievement. 2013;20(2):233-56. Persian. ## 18. Moshabaki Isfahan A, Rezaei Z. The study of organizational virtuousness and work engagement effects on organizational commitment. Management Studies in Development and Evolution. 2014;73(73):1-23. Persian. ## 19. King DB. Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: a Definition. Model, and Measure, Trent University. Canada: Trent Univeristy; 2008. p. 223. ## 20. Gladfelter J. Redecision therapy. Int J Group Psychother. 1992;42(3):319-34. doi: 10.1080/00207284.1992.11490701. [PubMed: 1639552]. ## 21. Arshadi N, Shokrkon H. An Investigation of the relationship between job stress caused by role conflict and role ambiguity with joub performance and job satisfaction, considering the moderating effects of autonomy and group cohesiveness variables, in NISOC employees-Ahvaz region. Quarterly Journal of Education and Psychology. 2007;14(1-2):129-48. Persian. ## 22. Dehshiri G, Sohrabi F, Jafari E, Najafi M. Evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale of spiritual well-being among students. Quartely Journal of Psychological Studies. 2008;4(3):129-44. doi: 10.22051/psy.2008.1637. Persian. ## 23. Bakhshi E, Kalantari R, Salimi N. Assessment of Job Performance and its Determinants in Healthcare Workers in Islamabad-e Gharb City based on ACHIVE Model In 2016. Arak Medical University Journal. 2017;20(119):1-9. Persian. ## 24. Deng J, Guo Y, Ma T, Yang T, Tian X. How job stress influences job performance among Chinese healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2019;24(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12199-018-0758-4. [PubMed: 30611191]. [PubMed Central: PMC6320635]. ## 25. Cortini M, Pivetti M, Cervai S. Learning Climate and Job Performance among Health Workers. A Pilot Study. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1644. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01644. [PubMed: 27826274]. [PubMed Central: PMC5078782]. ## 26. Yaghoubi M, Javadi M, Rakhsh F, Bahadori M. A study of determining factors affecting the performance of nurses based on the achieve model in selected hospital of Isfahan (Iran). J Educ Health Promot. 2013;2:49. doi: 10.4103/2277-9531.119033. [PubMed: 24251285]. [PubMed Central: PMC3826020]. ## 27. Seddigh A, Berntson E, Platts LG, Westerlund H. Does Personality Have a Different Impact on Self-Rated Distraction, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance in Different Office Types? PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0155295. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155295. [PubMed: 27223898]. [PubMed Central: PMC4880328]. ## 28. Farhangi AA, Fattahi M, Vasegh B. Workplace spirituality and its role in improving organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational Culture Management. 2006;4(13):5-36. Persian. ## 29. Abedi Jafari H, Rastgar A. The Emergence of Spirituality in Organizations: Concepts, Definitions, Presumptions and Conceptual Model. Iranian Journal of Management Sciences. 2007;2(5):99-121. Persian. ## 30. Asharlous V, Dadashi Khas E. The effect of Managers’ spiritual intelligence on the performance of public organizations employees. Quarterly Journal of Innovation and Creativity in Human Sciences. 2013;2(3):97-135. Persian. ## 31. Aqa Babaii N, Farahani H, Fazeli Mehrabadi AR. Spiritual Intelligence and Subjective Welfare. Journal of Psychology and Religion. 2011;4(3):83-96. Persian. ## 32. Houshyari J, Safoorai Parizi MM, Niyousha B. The relationship between family efficacy and spiritual well-being among students. Journal of Psychology and Religion. 2014;8(3):92-71. Persian. ## 33. McKee MC, Driscoll C, Kelloway EK, Kelley E. Exploring linkages among transformational leadership, workplace spirituality and well-being in health care workers. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion. 2011;8(3):233-55. doi: 10.1080/14766086.2011.599147. ## 34. Hatamipour K, Rassouli M, Yaghmaie F, Zendedel K, Majd HA. Spiritual needs of cancer patients: a qualitative study. Indian J Palliat Care. 2015;21(1):61-7. doi: 10.4103/0973-1075.150190. [PubMed: 25709188]. [PubMed Central: PMC4332130]. ## 35. O’Brien MR, Kinloch K, Groves KE, Jack BA. Meeting patients’ spiritual needs during end-of-life care: A qualitative study of nurses’ and healthcare professionals’ perceptions of spiritual care training. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(1-2):182-9. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14648. [PubMed: 30091251]. ## 36. Ghobari Bonab B, Salimi M, Salyani L, Noori Moghadam S. Spiritual intelligence. A Research Quarterly in Islamic Theology (kalam) and Religious Studies. 2007;3(10):125-47. ## 37. Agorastos A, Demiralay C, Huber CG. Influence of religious aspects and personal beliefs on psychological behavior: focus on anxiety disorders. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2014;7:93-101. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S43666. [PubMed: 24648780]. [PubMed Central: PMC3956626]. ## 38. Shamsalina A, Norouzi K, Fallahi Khoshknab M, Farhoudiyan A. Recovery based on spirituality in substance abusers in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;6(6):154-62. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p154. [PubMed: 25363097]. [PubMed Central: PMC4825507]. ## 39. Shahrabi Farahani L, Farahbakhsh K. Exploring Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and motional Intelligence among middle school girls in the Tehran 15th School District. Biennial Journal of Management and Planning in Educational Systems. 2012;5(8):44-60. Persian. ## 40. Adib-Hajbaghery M, Faraji M. Comparison of Happiness and Spiritual Well-Being among the Community Dwelling Elderly and those who Lived in Sanitariums. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2015;3(3):216-26. [PubMed: 26171410]. [PubMed Central: PMC4495329]. ## 41. Bernard M, Strasser F, Gamondi C, Braunschweig G, Forster M, Kaspers-Elekes K, et al. Relationship Between Spirituality, Meaning in Life, Psychological Distress, Wish for Hastened Death, and Their Influence on Quality of Life in Palliative Care Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017;54(4):514-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.019. [PubMed: 28716616]. ## 42. Abu HO, Ulbricht C, Ding E, Allison JJ, Salmoirago-Blotcher E, Goldberg RJ, et al. Association of religiosity and spirituality with quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(11):2777-97. doi: 10.1007/s11136-018-1906-4. [PubMed: 29948601]. [PubMed Central: PMC6196107]. ## 43. Shoari Nejad AA. Dictionary of Educational Sociology, psychology, Psychoanalysis. Tehran: Haghighat Publication; 1985. ## 44. Hejazifar S, Fagheri 0Kani SH. Pivotal Virtues in Virtue-Oriented Organizations. Islām va Pazhūheshhāye Modirīyatī. 2012;1(3):117-43. Persian. ##
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Relationship Between the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Flexibility in Teenage Students
Background: Adolescence is a developmental period when the adverse childhood experiences have a significant impact due to the changes in the brain structure and functioning during this period. This is mainly related to cognitive and emotional functioning. Childhood treatment, relationships, and health are the key factors involved in predicting later life emotional and cognitive growth and function. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences with emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in teenage students. The research method was descriptive correlational.Methods: The population of the study included all enrolled teenage students in English language institutes of Ardabil city in 2019; 135 individuals were selected as the sample of the study. The research tools were Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, and Emotional Regulation Scale.Results: The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between adverse childhood experiences with emotion regulation (r=-0.409), (P=0.001) and cognitive flexibility(r=-0.435), (P=0.001). The results of the regression analysis showed that 29.5% of emotion regulation was explained by adverse childhood experiences. Also, 50.6% of cognitive flexibility was explained by adverse childhood experiences.Conclusion: There was found a negative and significant correlation between adverse childhood experiences with emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility in teenage students. From this finding, it can be concluded that the early development period and family member treatment, relationships, and health are the key factors in predicting later life emotional and cognitive growth and function.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_45942_ff3c17526d0a5e988d5758034d848a70.pdf
2019-10-01
41
47
10.30476/intjsh.2019.45942
Childhood Experiences
Emotion
Flexibility
Adolescence
Maryam
Shahab
maryamshahab1983@gmail.com
1
MA of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Somayyeh
Taklavi
staklavi@gmail.com
2
PhD of Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Rice FP, Dolgin KG. The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. 10th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2002. ## 2. Grant M, Salsman NL, Berking M. The assessment of successful emotion regulation skills use: Development and validation of an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0205095. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205095. [PubMed: 30281666]. [PubMed Central: PMC6169969]. ## 3. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence : why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books; 1996. ## 4. Thompson RA. Emotion regulation: a theme in search of definition. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1994;59(2-3):25-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x. [PubMed: 7984164]. ## 5. Lopes PN, Nezlek JB, Extremera N, Hertel J, Fernández-Berrocal P, Schütz A, et al. Emotion regulation and the quality of social interaction: does the ability to evaluate emotional situations and identify effective responses matter? J Pers. 2011;79(2):429-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00689.x. [PubMed: 21395594]. ## 6. Ahmed SP, Bittencourt-Hewitt A, Sebastian CL. Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;15:11-25. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.006. [PubMed: 26340451]. ## 7. Dvir Y, Ford JD, Hill M, Frazier JA. Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2014;22(3):149-61. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000014. [PubMed: 24704784]. [PubMed Central: PMC4091823]. ## 8. Meltzer L, Krishnan K. Executive Function Difficulties and Learning Disabilities: Understandings and Misunderstandings. In: Meltzer L, editor. Executive function in education: From theory to practice. New York: Guilford Press; 2007. p. 77-105. ## 9. Chan RC, Shum D, Toulopoulou T, Chen EY. Assessment of executive functions: review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;23(2):201-16. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010. [PubMed: 18096360]. ## 10. Dickstein DP, Nelson EE, McCLURE EB, Grimley ME, Knopf L, Brotman MA, et al. Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(3):341-55. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31802d0b3d. [PubMed: 17314720]. ## 11. Bernardo ABI, Presbitero A. Cognitive flexibility and cultural intelligence: Exploring the cognitive aspects of effective functioning in culturally diverse contexts. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2018;66:12-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.06.001. ## 12. Blakemore SJ, Mills KL. Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annu Rev Psychol. 2014;65:187-207. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115202. [PubMed: 24016274]. ## 13. Ji S, Wang H. A study of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, life events, and executive function among college students in China. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. 2018;31(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s41155-018-0107-y. ## 14. Luby JL, Barch D, Whalen D, Tillman R, Belden A. Association Between Early Life Adversity and Risk for Poor Emotional and Physical Health in Adolescence: A Putative Mechanistic Neurodevelopmental Pathway. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(12):1168-75. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3009. [PubMed: 29084329]. [PubMed Central: PMC6583637]. ## 15. Bynum L, Griffin T, Ridings DL, Wynkoop KS, Anda RF, Edwards VJ, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences Reported by Adults - Five States, 2009. MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. 2010;59(49):1609-13. ## 16. McLaughlin KA. Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016;45(3):361-82. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823. [PubMed: 26849071]. [PubMed Central: PMC4837019]. ## 17. Thurston H, Bell JF, Induni M. Community-level Adverse Experiences and Emotional Regulation in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;42:25-33. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.06.008. [PubMed: 30219296]. ## 18. Treat AE, Sheffield Morris A, Williamson AC, Hays-Grudo J, Laurin D. Adverse childhood experiences, parenting, and child executive function. Early Child Development and Care. 2019;189(6):926-37. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2017.1353978. ## 19. Pechtel P, Pizzagalli DA. Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: an integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology. 2011;214(1):55-70. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2009-2. [PubMed: 20865251]. [PubMed Central: PMC3050094]. ## 20. Guinosso SA, Johnson SB, Riley AW. Multiple adverse experiences and child cognitive development. Pediatr Res. 2016;79(1-2):220-6. doi: 10.1038/pr.2015.195. [PubMed: 26460522]. ## 21. Bellis MA, Hughes K, Leckenby N, Jones L, Baban A, Kachaeva M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviours in young adults: surveys in eight eastern European countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(9):641-55. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.129247. [PubMed: 25378755]. [PubMed Central: PMC4208567]. ## 22. Rudd R, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2010-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(50-51):1445–52. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1. [PubMed: 28033313]. ## 23. Murphy A, Steele M, Dube SR, Bate J, Bonuck K, Meissner P, et al. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): implications for parent child relationships. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(2):224-33. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.004. [PubMed: 24670331]. ## 24. Wingenfeld K, Schäfer I, Terfehr K, Grabski H, Driessen M, Grabe H, et al. [The reliable, valid and economic assessment of early traumatization: first psychometric characteristics of the German version of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE)]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2011;61(1):e10-4. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1263161. [PubMed: 20878600]. German. ## 25. Amiri Majd M, Kakavand S. Relationship of Abuse and Violence in Childhood with Marital Intimacy Among Discordant Couples. Quarterly Journal of Social Work. 2018;7(1):29-36. ## 26. Dennis J, Vander Wal JS. The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2010;34:241-53. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4. ## 27. Martin MM, Anderson CM. The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports. 1998;11(1):1-9. doi: 10.1080/08934219809367680. ## 28. Shareh H, Farmani A, Soltani E. Investigating the Reliability and Validity of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI-I) among Iranian University Students. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2014;2(1):43-50. ## 29. Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348-62. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348. [PubMed: 12916575]. ## 30. Hasani J. Persian Version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2016;10(3):156-61. ## 31. Harms MB, Shannon Bowen KE, Hanson JL, Pollak SD. Instrumental learning and cognitive flexibility processes are impaired in children exposed to early life stress. Dev Sci. 2018;21(4):e12596. doi: 10.1111/desc.12596. [PubMed: 29052307]. [PubMed Central: PMC5908766]. ## 32. Dereboy Ç, Şahin Demirkapı E, Şakiroğlu M, Şafak Öztürk C. [The Relationship Between Childhood Traumas, Identity Development, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2018;29(4):269-78. [PubMed: 30887477]. Turkish. ## 33. Barch DM, Belden AC, Tillman R, Whalen D, Luby JL. Early Childhood Adverse Experiences, Inferior Frontal Gyrus Connectivity, and the Trajectory of Externalizing Psychopathology. 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1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Impact of Self-controlled Attention and Social-comparative Feedback on the Learning of Sandbag Throwing in Adolescents
Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that autonomy support, social-comparative feedback, and attentional factors contribute to performance and motor learning skills. The present study investigated the influence of self-controlled attention and social-comparative feedback on the performance and learning of a throwing task.Methods: 80 healthy students of Shahid Khalaj Azad junior high school from Takestan (mean age=14.12 ±0.752 SD) in 2017 academic year, placed in five groups: internal-experimenter-controlled, external-experimenter-controlled, internal-self-controlled, external-self-controlled, and control. Internal groups practiced based on an internal focus of attention, an external group practiced based on an external focus of attention. Experimenter-controlled groups received only veridical feedback, self-controlled groups in addition to the veridical feedback received social-comparative feedback. We used a four (pre-test; acquisition; retention; transfer) × five (groups) repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software version 25 to analyze data.Results: The results indicated that throwing tasks differed significantly between phases. The retention phase score was higher than the other phases (83.14±0.72, p <0.001). Test of between-subjects effects determined that groups significantly differed from each other. The Internal-self-controlled group score was higher in other groups (81.15±6.15, P=0.041).Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that the self-controlled focus of attention in companion with social-comparative feedback enhances motor learning in the first stage of the learning.
https://intjsh.sums.ac.ir/article_46185_96de892c334e9a0caf6c97758af304a7.pdf
2019-10-01
48
55
10.30476/intjsh.2020.83622.1027
Internal and external attention
Positive feedback
Motivation
Self-control
Feedback
Seyyed Ahmad
Mousavi
mousavi.ahmad@ut.ac.ir
1
PhD of Motor Learning, Department of Motor learning and Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nastaran
Parvizi
nastaranparvizi@ut.ac.ir
2
PhD of Motor Learning, Department of Motor learning and Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Rasool
Hemayattalab
rhemayattalab@ut.ac.ir
3
Full professor, PhD of Motor Behavior, Department of Motor learning and Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. Psychon Bull Rev. 2016;23(5):1382–1414. doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0999-9. [PubMed: 26833314]. ## 2. Carpenter S, Lohse KR, Healy AF, Bourne LE, Clegg BA. External focus of attention improves performance in a speeded aiming task. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 2013;2(1):14–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.11.002. ## 3. Raisbeck LD, Regal A, Diekfuss JA, Rhea CK, Ward P. Influence of practice schedules and attention on skill development and retention. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;43:100–6. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.07.004. [PubMed: 26248312]. ## 4. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Wally R. An external focus of attention enhances balance learning in older adults. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):572–5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.08.004. [PubMed: 20850325]. ## 5. Landers M, Wulf G, Wallmann H, Guadagnoli M. An external focus of attention attenuates balance impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease who have a fall history. Physiotherapy. 2005;91(3):152–8. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2004.11.010. ## 6. Wulf G, Weigelt M, Poulter D, McNevin N. Attentional Focus on Suprapostural Tasks Affects Balance Learning. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2003;56(7):1191–211. doi: 10.1080/02724980343000062. [PubMed: 12959910]. ## 7. Kal EC, Van Der Kamp J, Houdijk H. External attentional focus enhances movement automatization: A comprehensive test of the constrained action hypothesis. Hum Mov Sci. 2013;32(4):527–39. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.04.001. [PubMed: 24054892]. ## 8. Wulf G, Lauterbach B, Toole T. The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999;70(2):120–6. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1999.10608029. [PubMed: 10380243]. ## 9. MacMahon C, Charness N. Focus of attention and automaticity in handwriting. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;34:57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2013.12.005. [PubMed: 24423388]. ## 10. Wulf G, McNevin N, Shea CH. The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. Q J Exp Psychol A. 2001;54(4):1143–54. doi: 10.1080/713756012. [PubMed: 11765737]. ## 11. Kakar C, Zia N, Sehgal S, Khushwaha S. Effect of external and internal focus of attention on acquisition, retention, and transfer phase of motor learning in Parkinson’s disease. HONG KONG Physiother J. 2013;31(2):88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.02.001. ## 12. Wulf G, Landers M, Lewthwaite R, Töllner T. External focus instructions reduce postural instability in individuals with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther. 2009;89(2):162-8. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20080045. [PubMed: 19074619]. ## 13. Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Drews R. External focus and autonomy support: Two important factors in motor learning have additive benefits. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;40:176–84. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.11.015. [PubMed: 25589021]. ## 14. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R, Campos T. Motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Gait Posture. 2012;35(4):601–5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.003. [PubMed: 22209649]. ## 15. Hemayattalab R. Effects of self-control and instructor-control feedback on motor learning in individuals with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2014;35(11):2766–72. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.006. [PubMed: 25086427]. ## 16. Lessa HT, Chiviacowsky S. Self-controlled practice benefits motor learning in older adults. Hum Mov Sci. 2015;40:372–80. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.01.013. [PubMed: 25687663]. ## 17. Chiviacowsky S. Self-controlled practice: Autonomy protects perceptions of competence and enhances motor learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2014;15(5):505–10. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.003. ## 18. Hooyman A, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Impacts of autonomy-supportive versus controlling instructional language on motor learning. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;36:190–8. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.005. [PubMed: 24861925]. ## 19. Carter MJ, Patterson JT. Self-controlled knowledge of results: Age-related differences in motor learning, strategies, and error detection. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(6):1459-72. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.07.008. [PubMed: 23164628]. ## 20. Lewthwaite R, Wulf G. Social-comparative feedback affects motor skill learning. Q J Exp Psychol. 2010;63(4):738-49. doi: 10.1080/17470210903111839. [PubMed: 19691002]. ## 21. Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Lewthwaite R. Normative feedback effects on learning a timing task. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(4):425-31. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599703. [PubMed: 21268466]. ## 22. Ávila LTG, Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Positive social-comparative feedback enhances motor learning in children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2012;13(6): 849-53. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.07.001. ## 23. Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Cardozo PL. Additive benefits of autonomy support and enhanced expectancies for motor learning. Hum Mov Sci. 2014;37:12–20. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2014.06.004. [PubMed: 25046402]. ## 24. Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Lewthwaite R. Altering mindset can enhance motor learning in older adults. Psychol Aging. 2012;27(1):14–21. doi: 10.1037/a0025718. [PubMed: 21988153]. ## 25. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, de Medeiros FL, Kaefer A, Wally R. Self-controlled feedback in 10-year-old children: higher feedback frequencies enhance learning. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2008;79(1):122-7. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2008.10599467. [PubMed: 18431958]. ## 26. Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Ávila LT. An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2013;57(7):627-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01569.x. [PubMed: 22563795]. ## 27. Becker K, Smith PJ. Age, task complexity, and sex as potential moderators of attentional focus effects. Percept Mot Skills. 2013;117(1):1172-86. doi: 10.2466/23.25.pms.117x14z3. [PubMed: 24422344]. ## 28. Emanuel M, Jarus T, Bart O. Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: a randomized trial. Phys Ther. 2008;88(2):251–60. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060174. [PubMed: 18042657]. ## 29. Wulf G. Self-controlled practice enhances motor learning: implications for physiotherapy. Physiotherapy. 2007;93(2):96–101. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2006.08.005. ## 30. Hemayattalab R, Arabameri E, Pourazar M, Ardakani MD, Kashefi M. Effects of self-controlled feedback on learning of a throwing task in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(9):2884-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.05.008. [PubMed: 23810928 ]. ## 31. Wulf G, Chiviacowsky S, Lewthwaite R. Normative feedback effects on learning a timing task. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81(4):425–31. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2010.10599703. [PubMed: 21268466]. ## 32. Smith LB, Thelen E. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Massachusetts: MIT Press; 1996. ## 33. Peh SY, Chow JY, Davids K. Focus of attention and its impact on movement behaviour. J Sci Med Sport. 2011;14(1):70-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.07.002. [PubMed: 20727824]. ## 34. Guadagnoli MA, Lee TD. Challenge point: a framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning. J Mot Behav. 2004;36(2):212–24. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.36.2.212-224. [PubMed: 15130871]. ##
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